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. 2022 Jun 11;29(52):78330–78344. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-21099-9

Table 6.

Results of FMOLS and PMG-ARDL estimation

Variables/estimation method (long-run equation) FMOLS PMG (p = q = 1)
Pooled
L(GREC) 4.738*** (1.269) 8.075*** (2.512)
L(GREC2) −0.220*** (0.059) −0.337*** (0.123)
L(PEC) 0.607*** (0.100) 0.712*** (0.128)
L(ECI) −0.423*** (0.080) −0.237*** (0.070)
L(OTT) −0.162*** (0.044) −0.370*** (0.063)
Variables/estimation method (short-run equation) PMG (p = q = 1)
ECT−1 −0.736*** (0.141)
ΔL(GREC) −12.908 (30.644)
ΔL(GREC2) 0.481 (1.446)
ΔL(PEC) −0.690** (0.318)
ΔL(ECI) −0.148 (0.122)
ΔL(OTT) 0.311*** (0.111)
Constant −36.885*** (7.062)
Trend −0.011*** (0.003)
Groups 10 10
Observations 190 190
R-squared 0.877
Sum-squared resid 0.757 0.231
Log-likelihood 447.518

Source: authors’ compilation from Global Footprint Network (2021), Simoes and Hidalgo (2021), and World Bank (2021), IEA (2021)

***, **, and * represent statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively