Table 3.

Accumulated data of special treatment for natural dyeing.

Specialty Treatment	Plants	Fibers	Prominent Features	Ref.
Chitosan	Lac, Cochineal, Onion, Tea, Madder, Weld	Cotton, Silk, Wool	Metal mordants replacement, Biodegradability, non- toxicity, and antimicrobial	(Mehrparvar et al., 2016; Bonet-Aracil et al., 2016; Verma et al., 2017; Shahid-ul-Islam et al., 2018a, Shahid-ul-Islam et al., 2018b; Sadeghi-Kiakhani et al., 2018b; Chimprasit et al., 2019)
Chemical Modification	Areca nut extract; Phellodendron amurense Rupr;	Cotton, Wool, Polyester, Nylon	Molecular level, Improved colorfastness More efficient dyeing process on time, cost, and energy	(Pawar et al., 2018; Kim and Park, 2007; Oktav Bulut and Akar, 2012)
Plasma	Almond shell, madder, Rose/Rosemary/Lavender/Mate tea, (Fallopia japonica) rhizome, Cotton pods (top), Arnebia euchroma (middle), Harmal seeds (bottom), pomegranate peel, grape leaves	Wool, Cotton, Bamboo	Surface medication, No industrial waste and shortening dyeing process Reduce the dyeing temperature Improve absorbency and dyeability	(Erdem Işmal et al., 2013; Barani and Maleki, 2011; Deveoglu et al., 2012a, Deveoglu et al., 2012b; Gorjanc et al., 2016; Haji, 2020; Peran et al., 2020; Haji and Payvandy, 2020; Peran et al., 2020)
Ultrasonic or microwave	Coconut coir, turmeric, green tea	Silk, Wool, Tencel	Better dye diffusion Lower dyeing temperature Improved color strength Faster and high efficiency	(Adeel et al., 2020; Ma et al., 2020; Sukemi et al., 2019)
Ozone	Pomegranate peel, onion skin, nutshell, orange tree leaves, alkanet root	Cotton	Alternative for mordants Improved dyeability Improved colorfastness	(Benli and Bahtiyari, 2018a),
Gamma/UV Radiation	Turmeric, chicken gizzard, pomegranate, calico leaves	Cotton, Silk	Improved cross linking, grafting, and dye uptake Improved resistance to shrinkage and wrinkling Enhanced water repellency and color strength	(Bhatti et al., 2010; Batool et al., 2013; Ajmal et al., 2014; Khan et al., 2014)