Table 4.
Associated factors of LBW from mixed-effects logistic regression model among under-five children in South Asia.
| Variables | Model 0a |
Model 1b |
Model 2c |
Model 3d |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
| Intercept | 0.18 | [0.18–0.19] | 0.15 | [0.13–0.17] | 0.14 | [0.11–0.18] | 0.13 | [0.02–0.17] |
| Individual-level variables | ||||||||
| Mother age (years) | ||||||||
| ≤19 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 20–24 | 0.82 | [0.74–0.91] | 0.82 | [0.74–0.91] | ||||
| 25–29 | 0.72 | [0.64–0.80] | 0.72 | [0.64–0.80] | ||||
| 30 and above | 0.66 | [0.59–0.73] | 0.66 | [0.59–0.73] | ||||
| Mother Education | ||||||||
| Higher (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Secondary | 1.25 | [1.17–1.33] | 1.24 | [1.17–1.33] | ||||
| Primary | 1.45 | [1.34–1.57] | 1.44 | [1.33–1.57] | ||||
| No education | 1.39 | [1.29–1.51] | 1.39 | [1.29–1.51] | ||||
| Wealth index | ||||||||
| Richest (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Richer | 1.09 | [1.01–1.18] | 1.11 | [1.02–1.21] | ||||
| Middle | 1.16 | [1.08–1.25] | 1.20 | [1.11–1.30] | ||||
| Poorer | 1.32 | [1.23–1.43] | 1.38 | [1.27–1.50] | ||||
| Poorest | 1.46 | [1.35–1.58] | 1.53 | [1.41–1.67] | ||||
| Sex of child | ||||||||
| Male(Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Female | 1.25 | [1.20–1.30] | 1.25 | [1.20–1.30] | ||||
| Birth Status | ||||||||
| Singleton(Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Multiple | 11.88 | [10.16–13.90] | 11.89 | [10.17–13.91] | ||||
| ANC visit | ||||||||
| No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 1 to 3 | 0.92 | [0.83–1.02] | 0.92 | [0.83–1.02] | ||||
| 4 or above | 0.83 | [0.75–0.91] | 0.83 | [0.75–0.91] | ||||
| Iron tablets/syrup intake during pregnancy | ||||||||
| Yes (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| No | 1.14 | [1.07–1.21] | 1.14 | [1.07–1.21] | ||||
| Mode of birth | ||||||||
| Normal (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Caesarean section | 1.14 | [1.09–1.20] | 1.14 | [1.08–1.19] | ||||
| Community-level variables | ||||||||
| Residential Status | ||||||||
| Rural (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Urban |
0.89 |
[0.85–0.97] |
1.10 |
[1.05–1.16] |
||||
|
Random Part | ||||||||
| Community variance | 0.59[0.56–0.62] | 0.52 [0.50–0.69] | 0.58 [0.56–0.62] | 0.50 [0.49–0.65] | ||||
| ICC (%) | 15.21% | 13.65% | 14.99% | 13.20% | ||||
| LR-test | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | ||||
| Log Likelihood | −103165.14 | −75538.51 | −103154.26 | −75521.48 | ||||
| AIC | 204946.6 | 149984.7 | 204905.4 | 149968.4 | ||||
| BIC | 204967.3 | 150165.5 | 204936.3 | 150159.3 | ||||
Abbreviation: ICC= Intra-class Correlation; LR-test = Likelihood Ratio test; AIC = Akaike information criterion; BIC= Bayesian information criterion. Bold indicates values are significant at a 1% level of significance.
a
Intercept only model.
b
Model includes only individual-level variables.
c
Model includes only community-level variables.
d
Model includes individual-level and community-level variables.