. 2022 Oct 22;21:66. doi: 10.1186/s12937-022-00818-5

Table 1.

Sample characterization according to gender, and handgrip strength (mean and standard deviation) according to adolescents’ demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and food consumption characteristics. São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, 2016/2017

	Boys		Girls			HGS
						Boys	Girls
	n	%	*">n*	%	*">p*	*">n*(%)	*">n*(%)	*">p*
Age (years)					0.008^†
18	843	49.6	855	50.4		34.9(7.8)	21.3(4.9)	≤ 0.001*
19	322	43.8	413	56.2		36(7.6)	21.7(4.8)	≤ 0.001*
Years of education completed					< 0.001^†
0 to 8	85	65.9	44	34.1		34.5(7.8)	20.7(4.3)	≤ 0.001*
9 to 11	1.010	47.3	1.124	52.7		35.4(7.7)	21.4(4.8)	≤ 0.001*
12 or more	64	40.8	93	59.2		34.0(6.9)	22.0(5.0)	≤ 0.001*
Skin color					0.397^†
White	219	45.3	264	54.7		34.7(7.3)	21.3(4.6)	≤ 0.001*
Black	190	47.6	209	52.4		35.3(8.0)	21.8(4.8)	≤ 0.001*
Mixed race	751	48.9	786	51.1		35.4(7.8)	21.4(4.9)	≤ 0.001*
Socioeconomic Status					< 0.001^†
A-B	324	50.8	314	49.2		35(7.2)	21.4(4.7)	≤ 0.001*
C	537	49.4	549	50.6		35.1(7.8)	21.4(4.9)	≤ 0.001*
D-E	161	37.0	274	63.0		36.2(8.1)	21.3(5.1)	≤ 0.001*
Work					< 0.001^†
No	947	46.2	1.101	53.7		34.9(7.6)	21.3(4.8)	≤ 0.001*
Yes	218	56.6	167	43.4		36.8(7.8)	22.0(5.0)	≤ 0.001*
Tobacco smoking					< 0.001^†
No	1.106	47.1	1.241	52.9		35.2(7.8)	21.4(4.9)	≤ 0.001*
Yes	59	68.6	27	31.4		35(5.9)	22(3.5)	≤ 0.001*
Alcohol consumption					< 0.001^†
No	622	44.0	791	56.0		35.6(7.9)	21.04(4.9)	≤ 0.001*
Yes	531	53.0	471	47.0		34.9(7.4)	21.5(4.7)	≤ 0.001*
Recurrent major depressive episodes					< 0.001^†
No	1.124	50.0	1.125	50.0		35.3(7.7)	21.4(4.8)	≤ 0.001*
Yes	41	22.3	143	77.7		32.2(8.3)	21.6(5.3)	≤ 0.001*
Total Physical Activity					< 0.001^†
Insufficiently active	478	35.9	852	64.1		34.1(7.7)	21.2(4.8)	≤ 0.001*
Physically active	671	62.3	406	37.7		36(7.5)	21.9(4.9)	≤ 0.001*
Culinary preparations (%)					0.026^†
1^st tertile	354	44.2	446	55.8		34.1(7.5)	21.2(4.4)	≤ 0.001*
2^nd tertile	390	48.6	413	51.4		35.2(7.3)	21.5(5.2)	≤ 0.001*
3^rd tertile	413	50.9	399	49.1		36.2(8.1)	21.6(4.9)	≤ 0.001*
Processed (%)					< 0.001^†
1^st tertile	340	41.9	471	58.1		34.7(7.9)	21.5(4.6)	≤ 0.001*
2^nd tertile	392	49.8	412	51.2		35.4(7.7)	21.6 (5.2)	≤ 0.001*
3^rd tertile	425	53.1	375	46.9		35.4(7.6)	21.1(4.7)	≤ 0.001*
Ultra-processed (%)					0.005^†
1^st tertile	418	51.9	391	48.1		36.2(8.1)	21.5(5.1)	≤ 0.001*
2^nd tertile	393	48.8	418	51.1		35.4(7.3)	21.5(5.0)	≤ 0.001*
3^rd tertile	346	43.0	449	57.0		33.8(7.5)	21.3(4.5)	≤ 0.001*

Caption Handgrip strength, HGS^† Chi-square test, *Wilcoxon test