. 2022 Oct 22;15:113. doi: 10.1186/s13068-022-02210-1

Table 2.

State-of-the-art yeast producer strains for the production of important biofuels and bioproducts from conventional feedstock as potential host organisms for implementation of synthetic methylotrophy

Host organism	Product	Procedure	Substrate	Titer	Refs.
S. cerevisiae	Prenyl alcohols	Overexpression of the gene encoding hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase. Production of (e,e)-farnesol (FOH), (e)-nerolidol (NOH), and (e,e,e)-geranylgeraniol (GGOH))	5% galactose, addition of glucose after 125 h (5% final concentration)	145.7 mg L⁻¹ (FOH), 98.8 mg L⁻¹ (NOH), and 2.46 mg L⁻¹ GGOH	[94]
S. cerevisiae	Bisabolene	Overexpression of truncated HMG-CoA reductase (tHMGR), the FPP synthase (Erg20), and the global transcription regulator of the sterol pathway upc2-1, downregulation of the squalene synthase (Erg9)	1.8% galactose/0.2% glucose	> 900 mg L⁻¹	[95]
S. cerevisiae	Medium chain fatty acids C6-C10	Endogenous fatty acid synthase (FAS) and an orthogonal bacterial type I FAS were engineered for MCFA production in the yeast S. cerevisiae. Directed evolution of the membrane transporter Tpo1 and adaptive laboratory evolution of the strain	Various glucose concentrations	> 1 g L⁻¹	[96]
S. cerevisiae	n-Butanol	S. cerevisiae was engineered with a n-butanol biosynthetic pathway with isozymes from a number of different organisms (S. cerevisiae, E. coli, Clostridium beijerinckii, and Ralstonia eutropha)	2% galactose	2.5 mg L⁻¹	[97]
S. cerevisiae and P. stipitis	Ethanol	Recursive protoplast fusion of two yeast strains	200 g L⁻¹ glucose–xylose mixture (3:1 ratio)	74.65 g L⁻¹	[98]
S. cerevisiae	Vitamin E tocotrienols	Expression of HPPD, HGGT, MPBQMT, TC and γ-TMT from photosynthetic organisms and design of a cold-shock-triggered temperature control system used in a two-stage fermentation	3% glucose	320 mg L⁻¹	[99]
S. cerevisiae	Hemoglobin	Deletion HMX1, VPS10, PEP4 and ROX1 and overexpression of HEM3 and AHSP genes	2% glucose	18% (of total cell protein)	[100]
Y. lipolytica	Citric acid	Elongation of the production phase of the bioprocess with growth-decoupled citric acid production	1.5% glucose	~ 100 g L⁻¹	[101]
Y. lipolytica	Omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid	Overexpression of the ∆9/∆8 pathway (41 copies of 19 different genes) and optimization of lipid metabolism	2% glucose	25% of yeast biomass	[102]
Y. lipolytica	Fatty acid ethyl esters	Expression of pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase II (adhB) from Zymomonas mobilis and introduction of heterologous wax ester synthases ws2 and maqu_0168 from disruption of competitive pathways to increase fatty acyl-CoA pool	2% dextrose	8.2 mg L⁻¹	[103]
Y. lipolytica	1-Decanol	Overexpression of FAR from Arabidopsis thaliana and FAT from C. palustris. Deletion of the major peroxisome assembly factor Pex10	5% glucose	> 500 mg L⁻¹	[104]
Y. lipolytica	FAEE	Expression of WS gene from Marinobacter sp. and deletion of PEX10 gene	2–6% glucose, 2–10% ethanol	1.18 g L⁻¹	[105]
Y. lipolytica	FFAs	Overexpression of hybrid hFAS-EcTesA	10% glucose	9.67 g L⁻¹	[106]
Y. lipolytica	β-carotene	Overexpression of β-carotene pathway and promoter screening	6 g h⁻¹ glucose	6.5 g L⁻¹	[107]
Y. lipolytica	Docosahexaenoic acid	Expression of artificial pfa BGC from Aetherobacter fasciculatus	2.5% glucose	350 mg L⁻¹	[108]
Y. lipolytica	Cyclo-propane fatty acids	Overexpression of the E. coli cyclopropane fatty acid synthase gene under a hybrid promoter (hp8d) and Y. lipolytica LRO1 gene	7% glucose	3.06 g L⁻¹	[109]