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. 2022 Oct 22;22:365. doi: 10.1186/s12893-022-01814-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Grading used for pedicle perforation on the axial CT scan and the representative images: A both pedicle screws are completely within the pedicle (Grade A); B Grade B (< 2 mm) perforation of the lateral wall of the right pedicle and Grade A of the left pedicle; C Grade C (2–4 mm) perforation of the medial wall of the left pedicle and Grade A perforation of the right pedicle; D Grade D (> 4 mm) perforation of the lateral wall of both pedicles; E Grade E (> 6 mm) perforation of the medial wall of the right pedicle. The blue lines represent the medial or lateral wall of the vertebral pedicles; the red lines represent the edge of the pedicle screws; and the green lines represent the distance of the perforation