Table 1.

Outline of Various Raman Spectroscopy-Derived Techniques Presented in This Work

Raman technique	Raman shift position (cm−1)	Assignment	Skeletal disorder	References
RS	800–950	Tyrosine, proline, and hydroxyproline	Tendinitis, tendon injuries	70,71
	1006	Phenylalanine/tryptophan
	1250–1350	amide III and CH modes
	1454, 1670	CH3/CH2 bending and amide I
	962	Hydroxyapatite	Osteoarthritis	81
	1, 1280	Amide III
	1070	Carbonate
	1220–1360	Amide III		124
	1450, 2840–2986	C-H bond
	1600–1720	Amide I
	1500–1700	CN CC, C—N, amide I vibrational bands of DNA, RNA, phenylalanine, tyrosine,	Degenerative lesions of the supraspinatus rotator cuff tear	72
	588, 628, 686, and 1503	Monosodium urate	Gout	89
	1070	Carbonate	Osteogenesis imperfecta	105
	960	Hydroxyapatite
	1675	Amide I
SORS	962	Hydroxyapatite	Osteoporosis	95
	1070	Carbonate
	1250	Amide III
	1450	CH2 wag
	1665	Amide I
	960	Hydroxyapatite	Osteogenesis imperfect	104
	1450	CH2 wag
	1650	Amide I
	961	Phosphate	Mineralization level (due to general disorder)	101
	1071	Carbonate substitution
	1450	CH2 deformation band
PRS	1250	Amide III	tendon stress strain test	58
	1450	C-H bending
	1665	C=O stretching of the protein backbone
	937	Collagen backbone	Tendon ageing	69
	960	Hydroxyapatite
	1665	Amide I secondary protein structures
	853, 934	Proline		4
	904	Collagen backbone
	990, 1003	Phenylalanine
	1100	Ring-associated and carbohydrate bands
	1400–1500	CH2 bending
	430, 590, 960	Phosphate	Bone brittleness	106
	857, 878	Proline, hydroxyproline
	1074	Carbonate
	1248	Amide III
	1668	Amide I
micro-Raman	1200–1300	Amide III	Periodontal ligament changes during orthodontic treatment	73,74
	1620–1680	Amide I
	2930	CH3 modes
	960	Hydroxyapatite	Masseter entheses of mandibular reconstruction	75
	2940, 1003	Type I collagen
	784	DNA/RNA	Biochemical abnormalities of anterior cruciate ligament	76
	1002, 1030	Phenylalanine
	1101	Isomer conformation in lipids
	1516	C = C bond stretching mode (carotenoids)
	1749	Phospholipids
	962	Hydroxyapatite	Osteoarthritis	82,86
	1003	Phenylalanine
	1064	Proteoglycan
	1070	Carbonate
	1280	Amide III
CARS	960	Hydroxyapatite	Osteoarthritis	88

The most relevant Raman bands and their assignments related to specific musculoskeletal disorders corresponding literature references are reported.

CARS, coherent anti-Stokes RS; PRS, polarized RS; RS, Raman spectroscopy; SORS, spatially offset RS.