Table 2. Overview of Vitamin and mineral biological function, cutaneous manifestations of deficiencies, and associated significant complications of deficiencies.
NADPH - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, FAD - flavin adenine dinucleotide, FMN - flavin mononucleotide, NAD - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
| Vitamin/ mineral | Biological function | Cutaneous manifestations of deficiency | Significant complications of deficiency |
| Iron | Essential component of hemoglobin | Pallor; dry or rough skin; atrophic glossitis with loss of tongue papillae; angular cheilitis; koilonychia; alopecia; chlorosis | Iron deficiency anemia |
| Selenium | Antioxidant defense; thyroid hormone production | Hypopigmentation of nail beds | Skeletal muscle dysfunction; cardiomyopathy; mood disorders; impaired immune function |
| Vitamin A (Retinol) | Protein synthesis in the eye; enhances immune system and keratinocyte function | Xerosis cutis; acneiform lesions; follicular keratosis | Nyctalopia; keratomalacia; immunosuppression |
| Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | Essential cofactor involved in NADPH synthesis, macromolecule aggregation, and neural function | Wet beriberi presents with edematous skin with subsequent breakdown and glossitis | Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome; dry beriberi; wet beriberi |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | Essential cofactor in redox reactions, FAD and FMN are derivatives | Cheilosis; angular stomatitis; keratitis; seborrheic dermatitis; scrotal dermatitis | |
| Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | Essential cofactor in redox reactions, NAD is a derivative | Erythema Hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed skin; dermatitis with a C3/C4 dermatome; circumferential broad collar rash; seborrheic dermatitis; scrotal dermatitis; glossitis | Pellagra |
| Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | Cofactor for more than 140 enzymes | Eczematous or seborrheic dermatitis; scrotal dermatitis; angular cheilitis; stomatitis; glossitis; intertrigo | Convulsions; peripheral neuropathy; sideroblastic anemia |
| Vitamin B7 (Biotin) | Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes | Dermatitis around the eyes, nose, and mouth; alopecia | Hallucinations |
| Vitamin B9 (Folate) | Essential for methylation reactions and DNA/RNA synthesis | Glossitis | Megaloblastic anemia |
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | Cofactor for methionine synthase Important for DNA synthesis | Skin hyperpigmentation; vitiligo; angular stomatitis; atopic dermatitis; acne; hair and nail changes | Megaloblastic anemia; subacute combined degeneration |
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) | Essential cofactor for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis; Necessary for dopamine B-hydroxylase; facilitates iron absorption | Swollen gums; ecchymosis; petechiae; poor wound healing; perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhages; corkscrew hair | Scurvy; weakened immune response |
| Vitamin D | Aids in intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate; bone mineralization and bone resorption | Increased risk of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis | Rickets; osteomalacia |
| Vitamin K | Necessary for the maturation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C, and protein S | Easy bruisability; mucosal bleeding; splinter hemorrhages | Hemorrhage |
| Zinc | Essential trace element required for metalloproteinases and transcription factors to function in wound repair, immune responses, and reproduction; antioxidant properties against UV radiation damage | Periorificial, acral, and anogenital dermatitis; alopecia; nail dystrophy; stomatitis; angular cheilitis | Acrodermatitis enteropathica |