Table 1.
Demographics and baseline characteristics.
| Group | p values | LRRK2 G2019S converters | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy controls (N = 185) | LRRK2 G2019S carriers (N = 176) | LRRK2 G2019S vs healthy controls | Consensus Committee (N = 5) | |
| Sex (female) | 66 (36%) | 99 (56%) | <0.0001 | 5 (100%) |
| Age, mean (SD; range) | 61.0 (11.1; 30–83) | 62.0 (7.7; 45–81) | 0.3225 | 70.0 (12.5; 53–81) |
| Education (≤12 years) | 27 (15%) | 26 (15%) | 0.9619 | 1 (20%) |
| Ethnicity (Hispanic/Latino) | 2 (1%) | 15 (9%) | 0.0008 | 0 (0%) |
| Race (White) | 172 (93%) | 171 (98%) | 0.0340 | 5 (100%) |
| Family history of PD (first-degree) | 0 (0%) | 152 (86%) | <0.0001 | 5 (100%) |
| UPSIT raw score, mean (SD; range) | 34.2 (4.4; 16–40) | 33.1 (4.3; 14–40) | 0.0261 | 30.6 (7.0; 19–36) |
| UPSIT percentile | 0.0055 | |||
| ≤15th | 17 (9%) | 20 (11%) | 2 (40%) | |
| 16th-50th | 50 (27%) | 73 (41%) | 0 (0%) | |
| >50th | 118 (64%) | 83 (47%) | 3 (60%) | |
| DAT deficit | 12 (7%) | 21 (13%) | 0.0546 | 4 (100%) |
| Missing DAT results | 1 | 8 | 1 | |
| Caudate SBR | 2.99 (0.61) | 2.97 (0.57) | 0.5857 | 2.24 (0.37) |
| Putamen SBR | 2.15 (0.54) | 2.09 (0.51) | 0.2960 | 1.09 (0.30) |
| Striatum SBR | 2.57 (0.55) | 2.53 (0.52) | 0.4178 | 1.66 (0.31) |
| MDS prodromal criteria (>80%) | 1 (1%) | 12 (7%) | 0.0014 | 3 (60%) |
Data are mean (SD) or n (%) unless otherwise stated. DAT deficit defined as <65% age/sex-expected lowest putamen SBR. Ethnicity and race were missing for one LRRK2 G2019S subject. p values for SBR measures were adjusted for age and sex using inverse probability weighting; all other p values were found using chi-square and t-tests. LRRK2 G2019S converters reflect a subset of the overall LRRK2 G2019S group. UPSIT University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, DAT dopamine transporter, SBR specific binding ratio, MDS International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.