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. 2022 Oct 22;12:17756. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22328-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model architecture used in Simulation Experiment 1 and a sample simulation of the model performing a single trial in the cued color recall task used in the behavioral experiment. The model consists of five fields: a two-dimensional visual sensory field defined over both color and space (CS), a feature attention (FA) field, a feature contrast (FC) field, an inhibitory field (Inhib), and a feature working memory (FWM) field, all of which are defined over the dimension of color. Blue lines in each panel represent the activation level (horizontal-axis) across field sites (vertical-axis), whereas the red lines depict the sigmoidal threshold function that determines the extent to which a given field site contributes to the activation dynamics. The task begins with the appearance of a sample display that contains either one or three colors. When three colors are presented, one of them is unique, and the other two are similar. Locally excitatory and laterally inhibitory interactions within and between fields support maintenance and produce repulsion between nearby peaks over the delay. See the text for full details of the model simulation shown here.