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. 2022 Sep 1;11(4):1677–1689. doi: 10.1007/s40120-022-00398-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Design of the present Mendelian randomization study. The three core assumptions for two-sample MR study are as follows: the genetic instrument is associated with the exposure; the instrument genetic instrument does not affect outcome via pathways other than the exposure; and the genetic instrument is not associated with confounders. GWAS genome wide association study, IGF1 Insulin-like growth factor 1, MR Mendelian randomization, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism