Table 1.
MPH target proteins and drug-induced molecular changes identified
| Protein name | Gene name | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Target proteins | |||
| 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (HTR1A) | HTR1A | ↑ | [117, 118] |
| Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter (DAT) | SLC6A3 | ↓ | [116] |
| Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter (NET) | SLC6A2 | ↓ | [116] |
| Drug-induced molecular changes | |||
| Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor | ADRA2A | ↑ | [119] |
| Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor | ADRA2B | ↑ | [119] |
| Beta-1 adrenergic receptor | ADRB1 | ↑ | [120] |
| Apoptosis regulator BAX | BAX | ↑ | [124] |
| Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV | CAMK4 | ↑ | [125] |
| D1A dopamine receptor | DRD1 | ↑ | [119] |
| D1B dopamine receptor | DRD5 | ↑ | [119] |
| D2 dopamine receptor | DRD2 | ↑ | [121] |
| Glutamate receptor 1 | GRIA1 | ↑ | [120] |
| Interleukin-1 beta | IL1B | ↑ | [125] |
| Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 | RAC1 | ↑ | [126] |
| Tumour necrosis factor | TNF | ↑ | [125] |
| Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 | AK1 | ↓ | [125] |
| BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor | NTRK2 | ↓ | [122] |
| Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 | CREB1 | ↓ | [125] |
| Cytochrome c1, haem protein, mitochondrial | CYC1 | ↓ | [124] |
| Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 | MAPK3 | ↓ | [125] |
| Proto-oncogene c-Fos | FOS | ↓ | [125] |
| Apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 | BCL2 | ↑↓ | [124] |
| Brain-derived neurotrophic factor | BDNF | ↑↓ | [122, 123] |
| Caspase-3 | CASP3 | ↑↓ | [124] |