Figure 4 -. Impact of Particle Internalization on Leukocyte Adhesion in Pulsatile Flow.

(a) Leukocyte adhesion in whole blood following pulsatile flow at 1000s⁻¹ shear over an activated HUVEC monolayer for 15 minutes for blood with carboxylated and sialyl Lewis A-conjugated 2 $\mu$m polystyrene particles at a concentration of 1E7/mL, normalized to the particle-free control. (b) Leukocyte adhesion in whole blood following pulsatile flow at 1000s⁻¹ shear over an activated HUVEC monolayer for 15 minutes for blood with carboxylated and sialyl Lewis A-conjugated 500 $n$m polystyrene particles at a concentration of 6.4E8/mL, normalized to the particle-free control. (#) indicates a significant reduction from the particle-free control; (*) indicates a significant reduction between the ‘non-incubated’ and ‘preincubated’ conditions for that particle type (p<0.05). n$\ge$3 donors for each bar shown. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA using GraphPad Prism software.