Table 4.

Odds of Not Receiving a Prescription Pain Medicine: Multivariate Model (N = 18,526)

Characteristic	Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)	P-Value
Male	1.38 (1.24–1.53)	<.001
Age (reference 65–74)
75–84	1.30 (1.16–1.47)	<.001
85–94	1.63 (1.44–1.85)	<.001
≥95	2.06 (1.70–2.49)	<.001
Race (reference white)
Black	1.20 (1.03–1.39)	.02
Hispanic	1.07 (0.84–1.35)	.60
Asian	1.97 (1.22–3.20)	.006
Other	0.94 (0.48–1.82)	.85
Cognitive Performance Scale score (reference 0 (intact))
1 (borderline intact)	1.11 (0.97–1.27)	.12
2 (mild impairment)	1.31 (1.15–1.49)	<.001
3 (moderate impairment)	1.61 (1.42–1.83)	<.001
4 (moderately severe impairment)	2.12 (1.71–2.62)	<.001
Resident self-pay	1.40 (1.23–1.59)	<.001
Education level (reference <high school graduate)
High school graduate	1.10 (1.01–1.21)	.04
≥College	1.22 (1.02–1.46)	.03
Staff hours per resident per day (reference <2.5)
2.5–3.0	0.80 (0.67–0.98)	.03
3.0–3.5	0.83 (0.69–0.99)	.04
3.5–4.0	0.80 (0.66–0.97)	.02
4.0–4.5	0.81 (0.66–1.01)	.06
>4.5	0.81 (0.64–1.02)	.07
Facility proportion of self-pay residents, % (reference <10)
10–30	0.80 (0.71–0.91)	.001
30–50	0.77 (0.66–0.91)	.002
>50	0.91 (0.72–1.16)	.45
For-profit facility	0.91 (0.81–1.01)	.08

Multivariate logistic regression model using multilevel modeling at the state and facility levels adjusted for sex, age, race, cognitive impairment, resident self-pay status, education, facility average staff hours per resident, facility percentage of residents who self-pay, facility profit status, resident number of activities of daily living requiring help on Morris Additive scale, resident score on Minimum Data Set mood scale, resident family care involvement, and facility compliance with federal law.