Table 6. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)* for various risk factors on the incidence of asthma or wheeze for the follow-up period.

Factors	Asthma			Wheeze
	OR	(95% CI)	p-value	OR	(95% CI)	p-value
Males
Areas
Rural areas	1			1
≥50 m from trunk roads	1.99	(0.79-4.99)	0.144	1.02	(0.44-2.36)	0.971
0-49 m from trunk roads	3.77	(1.00-14.16)	0.049	1.35	(0.34-5.32)	0.670
School grade, 1 grade increase	1.13	(0.70-1.83)	0.624	0.55	(0.34-0.89)	0.014
History of allergic diseases	2.95	(1.17-7.46)	0.022	3.26	(1.30-8.17)	0.012
Respiratory diseases before 2 years of age	1.85	(0.70-4.92)	0.216	2.40	(1.01-5.72)	0.048
Breast feeding in infancy	1.42	(0.64-3.18)	0.390	0.47	(0.19-1.20)	0.113
Parental history of allergic diseases	2.82	(1.21-6.55)	0.016	1.71	(0.81-3.63)	0.163
Maternal smoking habits	1.74	(0.62-4.91)	0.294	0.45	(0.10-1.96)	0.285
House of steel or reinforced concrete	0.92	(0.39-2.16)	0.843	1.05	(0.45-2.47)	0.909
Use of unvented heater in winter	1.47	(0.64-3.40)	0.364	0.65	(0.31-1.36)	0.251
Females
Areas
Rural areas	1			1
≥50 m from trunk roads	1.74	(0.63-4.81)	0.286	0.79	(0.26-2.39)	0.673
0-49 m from trunk roads	4.03	(0.90-17.96)	0.068	0.76	(0.08-7.00)	0.812
School grade, 1 grade increase	0.94	(0.54-1.64)	0.827	0.98	(0.53-1.82)	0.947
History of allergic diseases	6.03	(1.74-20.83)	0.005	3.18	(0.99-10.20)	0.052
Respiratory diseases before 2 years of age	2.08	(0.64-6.73)	0.222	2.10	(0.57-7.80)	0.267
Breast feeding in infancy	0.60	(0.20-1.83)	0.369	2.13	(0.77-5.90)	0.146
Parental history of allergic diseases	1.20	(0.49-2.94)	0.693	0.47	(0.16-1.39)	0.170
Maternal smoking habits †	2.15	(0.64-7.21)	0.218	-
House of steel or reinforced concrete	0.40	(0.13-1.20)	0.102	0.64	(0.18-2.27)	0.486
Use of unvented heater in winter	0.77	(0.30-2.00)	0.596	0.60	(0.22-1.68)	0.333

* Odds ratios adjusted for all variables using the logistic regression model.

^† Not included into the analysis of wheeze among females, because wheeze had occurred in only one girl who had a smoking mother.