Table 1. Intake of energy and selected nutrients by area and gender.
| Males | Females | |||||
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| Urban | Rural | p-value | Urban | Rural | p-value | |
| n=94 | n=102 | n=104 | n=112 | |||
| Age | 44.0 ± 5.9 | 45.8 ± 6.4 | 0.044 | 40.7 ± 2.9 | 44.1 ± 6.7 | <0.001 |
| Height (m) | 1.71 ± 0.05 | 1.68 ± 0.05 | <0.001 | 1.59 ± 0.05 | 1.56 ± 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 66.3 ± 8. | 64.5 ± 8.1 | 0.118 | 56.3 ± 7.5 | 57.8 ± 9.1 | 0.187 |
| BMI | 22.8 ± 2.7 | 22.9 ± 2.7 | 0.743 | 22.1 ± 2.5 | 23.8 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| Energy (kcal) | 2324 ± 394 | 2632 ± 630 | <0.001 | 1877 ± 467 | 2148 ± 651 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g) | 92.6 ± 19.6 | 71.2 ± 17.4 | <0.001 | 64.2 ± 20.2 | 56.1 ± 20.0 | 0.004 |
| Fat (g) | 56.0 ± 18.0 | 83.3 ± 45.6 | <0.001 | 69.2 ± 24.2 | 61.9 ± 36.8 | 0.091 |
| Animal | 19.4 ± 8.8 | 57.6 ± 32.8 | <0.001 | 25.3 ± 12.4 | 45.9 ± 31.5 | <0.001 |
| Plant | 36.6 ± 15.2 | 25.7 ± 24.4 | <0.001 | 43.8 ± 16.9 | 15.9 ± 17.9 | <0.001 |
| Marine | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 1.0 ± 2.7 | <0.001 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 0.4 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 351.9 ± 72.0 | 373.5 ± 118.4 | <0.001 | 249.4 ± 62.3 | 339.6 ± 98.5 | <0.001 |
| Crude fiber (g) | 9.5 ± 3.9 | 11.6 ± 4.5 | <0.001 | 9.6 ± 4.1 | 9.0 ± 4.6 | 0.317 |
| Retinol (ug) | 327 ± 493 | 224 ± 343 | 0.134 | 243 ± 321 | 133 ± 346 | 0.017 |
| Carotene (mg) | 2354 ± 1261 | 3212 ± 2191 | 0.011 | 3090 ± 1675 | 3366 ± 2926 | 0.396 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 87 ± 40 | 95 ± 65 | 0.339 | 93 ± 46 | 83 ± 65 | 0.194 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 35 ± 15 | 23 ± 14 | <0.001 | 22 ± 10 | 17 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg) | 1910 ± 607 | 7318 ± 5275 | <0.001 | 2974 ± 1144 | 5878 ± 4074 | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mg) | 1943 ± 46 | 1673 ± 538 | 0.001 | 1530 ± 522 | 1340 ± 547 | 0.010 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 313 ± 71 | 329 ± 90 | 0.213 | 269 ± 93 | 262 ± 95 | 0.622 |
| Calcium (mg) | 422 ± 151 | 414 ± 190 | 0.752 | 390 ± 151 | 311 ± 158 | <0.001 |
| Iron (mg) | 23.3 ± 8.5 | 21.3 ± 7.3 | 0.125 | 19.4 ± 7.6 | 19.8 ± 8.1 | 0.737 |
| Zinc (mg) | 12.7 ± 2.6 | 11.1 ± 2.8 | <0.001 | 10.1 ± 3.5 | 9.4 ± 3.5 | 0.175 |
| Copper (mg) | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 0.589 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1170 ± 252 | 1027 ± 246 | <0.001 | 884 ± 265 | 818 ± 273 | 0.074 |
| Selenium (μg) | 66 ± 21 | 40 ± 18 | <0.001 | 42 ± 16 | 26 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| SFA (g) | 14.3 ± 4.3 | 31.9 ± 21.4 | <0.00 | 18.9 ± 6.8 | 24.8 ± 18.2 | 0.002 |
| MUFA (g) | 21.2 ± 6. | 37.3 ± 23.5 | <0.001 | 22.7 ± 9.7 | 26.4 ± 22.1 | 0.114 |
| PUFA (g) | 16.4 ± 7.1 | 15.4 ± 8.6 | 0.391 | 22.9 ± 8.4 | 10.9 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Oleic acid (g) | 18.7 ± 5.6 | 31.2 ± 21.1 | <0.001 | 22.8 ± 8.7 | 24.6 ± 17.7 | 0.359 |
| Linoleic acid (g) | 13.6 ± 6.2 | 13.9 ± 7.6 | 0.829 | 19.8 ± 7.4 | 9.7 ± 6.0 | 0.001 |
| Arachidonic acid (g) | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.03 | <0.001 |
| Linolenic acid (g) | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| EPA (g) | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.03 ± 0.05 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | <0.001 |
| DHA (g) | 0.07 ± 0.11 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | <0.001 | 0.04 ± 0.05 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | <0.001 |
| n-3 PUFA (g) | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 1.5 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| n-6 PUFA (g) | 13.6 ± 6.2 | 13.9 ± 7.6 | 0.857 | 19.9 ± 7.4 | 9.7 ± 6.0 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 62 ± 29 | 197 ± 145 | <0.001 | 43 ± 25 | 177 ± 177 | <0.001 |
BMI: body mass index, SFA: saturated fatty acid, MUFA: mono-unsaturated fatty acid, PUFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acid, EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid, DHA: docosahexaenoic acid.