Table 3.
Model estimates of the associations of school FV availability (frequency) and the school neighbourhood food environment (count of food outlets within 1 km and 5 km) by food outlet categories, as well as their interaction, with student FV intake frequency (times/d)
| Fast-food outlets | Full-service restaurants | Convenience stores | Grocery stores/supermarkets | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FV intake (times/d) | ||||||||
| Independent variables | β | 95 % Cl | β | 95 % Cl | β | 95 % Cl | β | 95 % Cl |
| Model 1: 1 km school food environment | ||||||||
| School FV availability† | 0·16 | 0·01, 0·31* | 0·15 | 0·003, 0·29* | 0·14 | –0·002, 0·29 | 0·15 | –0·002, 0·29 |
| Food outlets | 0·33 | 0·03, 0·63* | 0·06 | –0·05, 0·18 | −0·12 | –0·42, 0·19 | 0·04 | –0·03, 0·11 |
| School FV availability × Food outlets | −0·07 | –0·13, –0·01* | −0·01 | –0·03, 0·01 | −0·02 | –0·05, 0·02 | −0·01 | –0·02, 0·002 |
| Model 2: 5 km school food environment | ||||||||
| School FV availability | 0·24 | 0·08, 0·40* | 0·16 | 0·02, 0·31* | 0·16 | 0·01, 0·31* | 0·15 | 0·002, 0·30* |
| Food outlets | 0·05 | 0·02, 0·08* | 0·01 | 0·001, 0·01* | 0·03 | –0·01, 0·06 | 0·004 | –0·001, 0·01 |
| School FV availability × Food outlets | −0·01 | –0·01, –0·004* | −0·001 | –0·002, –0·0002* | −0·005 | –0·01, –0·00001* | −0·001 | –0·001, 0·0001 |
FV, fruit and vegetable.
Linear mixed models were used to calculate estimates.
Models adjusted for race/ethnicity (ref = White), parent education (ref = high school or less), family affluence (ref = low affluence), neighbourhood land use mix, neighbourhood population density and neighbourhood poverty rate.
P < 0·05.
School availability of the food group corresponding to the outcome variable (e.g. school fruit and vegetable availability with student fruit and vegetable intake frequency). FV availability score ranges from 0 (no fruits, vegetables or 100 % fruit juice offered any day) to 6 (fruits, vegetables and 100 % fruit juice offered every day); snacks availability score ranges from 0 (no chocolate and candy, salty snacks or sweet snacks offered any day) to 6 (chocolate and candy, salty snacks and sweet snacks offered every day); soda availability score ranges from 0 (no soda offered any day) to 2 (soda offered every day).