Table 3.

Association between Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation and Rhythm versus Rate Control: Overall and Stratified Analysis by Age

	Overall Unadjusted OR (95% CI) (n=1,147)	Overall Adjusted OR (95% CI) (n=1,116)	65–74 years Adjusted OR (95% CI) (n=579)	75–84 years Adjusted OR (95% CI) (n=396)	≥ 85 years Adjusted OR (95% CI) (n=141)
No AF symptom	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
AF symptom	1.56 (1.20–2.03)	1.55 (1.18–2.04)	1.61 (1.10–2.35)	1.62 (1.01–2.60)	1.07 (0.44–2.60)
Sex
Female	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Male	1.10 (0.87–1.39)	1.12 (0.88–1.42)	1.25 (0.88–2.35)	1.32 (0.87–2.00)	0.35 (0.16–0.79)
Race
White	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Non-White	0.78 (0.56–1.08)	0.81 (0.56–1.18)	0.79 (0.47–1.33)	0.56 (0.29–1.09)	0.74 (0.17–3.12)
Education
≤ High School	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Some College	0.95 (0.68–1.31)	0.87 (0.62–1.23)	0.74 (0.44–1.24)	0.90 (0.52–1.58)	1.10 (0.39–3.07)
College grad	1.01 (0.78–1.31)	0.99 (0.74–1.32)	0.80 (0.52–1.24)	1.15 (0.70–1.88)	1.26 (0.55–2.88)
Comorbidities
1–4	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
5–7	0.98 (0.75–1.28)	1.07 (0.81–1.42)	1.11 (0.74–1.65)	1.17 (0.72–1.90)	1.12 (0.45–2.75)
8 or more	1.45 (1.07–1.95)	1.61 (1.17–2.22)	1.63 (1.00–2.65)	1.60 (0.91–2.80)	2.15 (0.79–5.86)
Frailty
Not frail	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Pre-Frail	0.91 (0.70–1.17)	0.90 (0.69–1.19)	0.93 (0.64–1.37)	0.93 (0.58–1.50)	1.50 (0.51–4.43)
Frail	1.06 (0.73–1.54)	1.00 (0.64–1.54)	0.86 (0.46–1.63)	1.13 (0.55–2.33)	2.24 (0.53–9.51)
Cognition
Not impaired	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Impaired	1.44 (1.13–1.83)	1.41 (1.07–1.86)	1.22 (0.77–1.92)	1.22 (0.77–1.92)	1.18 (0.55–2.53)
Social support
Adequate	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Low	1.11 (0.85–1.44)	1.07 (0.81–1.41)	1.23 (0.82–1.83)	0.82 (0.51–1.31)	1.20 (0.48–2.98)

The Multivariable models overall and by age group, are adjusted for variables with clinical or statistical significance including sex, race, level of education, presence of one or more comorbidities, frailty, cognitive impairment, and social support.