Table 2.

Different types of EVs and their associated cargo that have been found to mediate biological functions and disease pathologies in CVD.

EV Source	Cargo	Biological Functions	Disease target	Ref
Endothelial cell	miR-143/miR-145	Mediate SMC phenotype	Atherosclerosis	[21]
	miR-214	Stimulates angiogenesis, suppress senescence	Ischemic cardiac diseases	[22]
	miR-10a	Inhibit leukocyte activation	Vascular inflammation, Thrombosis, Atherosclerosis	[23]
	miR-222	Inhibit leukocyte recruitment	Atherosclerosis	[32]
	miR-199a	Regulate cell growth	Coronary Artery Disease, Atherosclerosis	[48]
	miR-126	Promotes reendothelialization and CXCl12-mediated vascular repair	Endothelium damage, atherosclerosis	[60,61]
	Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)	Immunomodulation	Atherosclerosis	[62]
	Angiopoietin-2	Regulates vascular quiescence and inflammation	Vessel dysfunction and inflammation	[63]
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell	miR-182	Regulates macrophage polarization and leukocyte infiltration	Ischemia reperfusion injury	[64]
	miR-125b-5p	Decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis	Acute Myocardial Infarction	[65]
	miR-210	Increases vascular density, decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduce fibrosis	Acute Myocardial Infarction	[52]
Cardiac progenitor cell	miR-21	Decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis	Ischemic Heart Disease	[55]
	miR-210	Decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis	Ischemic Heart Disease	[55]
	miR-132	Decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis	Ischemic Heart Disease	[55]
	miR-146a-3p	Decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis	Ischemic Heart Disease	[55]
	miR-451	Decrease cardiomyocyte apoptosis	Ischemic Heart Disease	[56]
Cardiomyocyte	miR-30a	Regulate autophagy responses	Ischemic Heart Disease	[66]
	circHIPK3	Regulates oxidative damage	Ischemia reperfusion injury	[67]
	miR-93-5p	Reduces proinflammatory cytokine levels and suppresses autophagy	Acute Myocardial Infarction	[68]
	miR-222	Promotes angiogenesis and neovascularization	Acute Myocardial Infarction	[69]
	miR-143	Promotes angiogenesis and neovascularization	Acute Myocardial Infarction	[69]
	MMP-2	Extracellular matrix remodelling	Cardiac damage	[70]
	HSP60	Regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis	Ischemia reperfusion injury	[71]
Smooth muscle cell	Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP)	Regulates vascular calcification	Coronary Artery Disease	[72]
	miR-150	Promotes angiogenesis and neovascularization	Ischemic diseases	[73]