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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Heart Fail. 2022 Aug 4;15(10):e009322. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.009322

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

The wasting continuum in heart failure entails the loss of muscle quantity and quality preceding the loss of adipose tissue and bone mass. There is significant overlap between the pathogenesis of sarcopenia, cachexia, and malnutrition in heart failure with a gradual decline in functional status from fitness to frailty and finally disability without appropriate intervention.