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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiology. 2022 Nov 1;137(5):620–643. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004338

Figure 4: Possible factors contributing to perioperative ischemic optic neuropathy.

Figure 4:

(A) Shows decreased perfusion pressure, decreased oxygen delivery, increased venous pressure, and direct axonal injury as components of axonal damage. (B) Shows the multiple proposed mechanisms of perioperative ION. (C) Shows in blue the impact of the six independent risk factors for ischemic optic neuropathy after spinal-fusion surgery with the patient positioned prone for surgery: male sex, obesity, Wilson frame, longer anesthesia, greater estimated blood loss, and lower percent colloid solution. Reprinted with permission from the publisher from Biousse, V, and Newman, NJ, Ischemic Optic Neuropathies, NEJM 372, 2428-36, 2015.