Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
| Characteristic | Overall (N=1160) |
Not seen in HF clinic (N=780) | Seen in HF clinic (N=380) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Mean (SD) | 69.7 (15.7) | 71.2 (15.5) | 66.4 (15.5) | <.001* |
| Male, n (%) | 761 (65.6) | 506 (64.9) | 255 (67.1) | 0.45† |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.03† | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | 1051 (90.6) | 715 (91.7) | 336 (88.4) | |
| Hispanic | 31 (2.7) | 19 (2.4) | 12 (3.2) | |
| Black | 33 (2.8) | 14 (1.8) | 19 (5.0) | |
| Asian | 22 (1.9) | 15 (1.9) | 7 (1.8) | |
| Other race | 23 (2.0) | 17 (2.2) | 6 (1.6) | |
| Smoking status, n (%)¶ | 0.86† | |||
| Never | 437 (39.8) | 290 (39.5) | 147 (40.4) | |
| Current | 169 (15.4) | 116 (15.8) | 53 (14.6) | |
| Former | 492 (44.8) | 328 (44.7) | 164 (45.1) | |
| Heart rate, bpm¶, mean (SD) | 70.5 (19.2) | 69.3 (18.7) | 72.9 (19.9) | 0.004* |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD) ¶ | 112.2 (23.5) | 110.5 (24.3) | 115.5 (21.5) | <.001‡ |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) ¶ | 29.6 (7.3) | 29.2 (7.1) | 30.4 (7.6) | 0.012* |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 753 (64.9) | 528 (67.7) | 225 (59.2) | 0.004† |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 657 (56.6) | 444 (56.9) | 213 (56.1) | 0.78† |
| CAD, n (%) | 444 (38.3) | 315 (40.4) | 129 (33.9) | 0.034† |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 316 (27.2) | 214 (27.4) | 102 (26.8) | 0.83† |
| COPD, n (%) | 238 (20.5) | 167 (21.4) | 71 (18.7) | 0.28† |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 273 (23.5) | 192 (24.6) | 81 (21.3) | 0.21† |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 128 (11.0) | 96 (12.3) | 32 (8.4) | 0.047† |
| Dementia, n (%) | 53 (4.6) | 44 (5.6) | 9 (2.4) | 0.012† |
| Depression, n (%) | 215 (18.5) | 150 (19.2) | 65 (17.1) | 0.38† |
| Arrhythmia, n (%) | 250 (21.6) | 175 (22.4) | 75 (19.7) | 0.29† |
| Charlson comorbidity index, n (%) | 0.081* | |||
| 0–2 | 613 (52.8) | 397 (50.9) | 216 (56.8) | |
| 3–4 | 302 (26.0) | 205 (26.3) | 97 (25.5) | |
| 5 or more | 245 (21.1) | 178 (22.8) | 67 (17.6) | |
| Sodium, Mean (SD) ¶ | 138.3 (4.3) | 138.1 (4.4) | 138.7 (4.1) | 0.049* |
| eGFR, Mean (SD) | 67.3 (42.2) | 65.5 (27.1) | 70.9 (62.6) | 0.111‡ |
| Potassium, Mean (SD) ¶ | 4.3 (0.5) | 4.3 (0.6) | 4.3 (0.5) | 0.038* |
| Anemia, n (%) | 489 (42.4) | 363 (46.8) | 126 (33.2) | <.001† |
| Ejection fraction, Mean (SD) | 29.7 (7.3) | 30.6 (7.1) | 28.0 (7.4) | <.001* |
| ICD prior to HF diagnosis, n(%) | 29 (2.5) | 21 (2.7) | 8 (2.1) | 0.69† |
| HF diagnosed as inpatient | 524 (45.2) | 367 (47.1) | 157 (41.3) | 0.065† |
*
Equal variance two sample t-test
†
Chi-Square p-value. For ICD prior to HF diagnosis, the Fisher’s exact test was calculated.
‡
Unequal variance two sample t-test
4§
Wilcoxon rank sum p-value
¶
Missing data: 62 were missing smoking status, 64 were missing heart rate, 128 systolic blood pressure, 3 BMI, 3 serum sodium, and 78 serum potassium. All other variables were complete in all cases
BMI= body mass index, BP= blood pressure, CAD= coronary artery disease; COPD= chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR= estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF= heart failure; SD= standard deviation