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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 24.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Stimul. 2022 Aug 27;15(5):1206–1214. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.08.017

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

Comparison between active tcVNS and sham stimulation on self-report withdrawal, pain, and distress. Error bars depict 95% confidence intervals (CIs), Δ indicates post-protocol minus baseline changes, and * denotes p < .05. A) The active group's ΔVAS-Withdrawal scores were significantly less than for the sham group. B) The active group's Δ NRS-Pain scores were significantly lower than for the sham group. One patient who received active tcVNS was missing a post-protocol measurement of NRS-pain. C) The active group's Δ SUDS scores were significantly reduced compared to the sham group.