Table 4.
Maternal Size, Demographic, Childbearing, and Drinking of Alcohol in South Africa: A Third Rural Sample
| FAS (n=95) |
PFAS (n=64) |
ARND (n=77) |
RS Controls (n=213) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-value | |
| Maternal Size, Demographic, and Childbearing | |||||
| Maternal height (in cm) | 155.0 (5.9) | 155.6 (6.6) | 156.6 (6.0) | 159.2 (6.1) | <.001C,E,F |
| Maternal weight (in kg) | 58.5 (15.1) | 68.5 (20.9) | 71.3 (22.3) | 76.2 (19.8) | <.001A,B,C |
| Maternal OFC (in cm) | 54.6 (2.0) | 56.0 (3.1) | 55.5 (2.3) | 56.1 (2.7) | <.001A,C |
| Maternal Upper Left Arm Circumference (in cm) | 26.3 (4.5) | 29.0 (5.8) | 31.0 (7.9) | 30.6 (5.0) | <.001A,B,C |
| Maternal body mass index (BMI) | 24.4 (6.2) | 28.2 (7.8) | 29.0 (8.6) | 30.0 (7.4) | <.001A,B,C |
| # of years of school completed | 7.7 (2.6) | 9.2 (2.6) | 9.3 (2.3) | 10.0 (2.3) | <.001A,B,C |
| Household income (in Rand) | 5814 (3517) | 7612 (8077) | 6266 (4215) | 7494 (5313) | .047C |
| Gravidity | 3.6 (1.6) | 2.9 (1.7) | 3.0 (1.5) | 2.8 (1.4) | <.001A,B,C |
| Parity | 3.3 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.3) | <.001A,B,C |
| Child of Interest (COI) in birth order | 3.0 (1.7) | 2.2 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.3) | 2.1 (1.3) | <.001A,B,C |
| Age (years) when pregnant with COI | 28.5 (7.0) | 25.2 (6.1) | 25.3 (6.5) | 25.8 (6.9) | .004A,B,C |
| Aware of pregnancy with COI (weeks) | 12.4 (6.0) | 11.0 (5.6) | 14.3 (5.9) | 11.5 (5.9) | .002D,F |
| Alcohol Consumption | |||||
| 3 months before pregnancy, usual # of drinks per drinking day (DDD) | 7.1 (8.9) | 4.6 (5.0) | 7.2 (4.4) | 1.4 (3.1) | <.001C,D,E,F |
| Drank in 1st trimester (%) | 77.2 | 65.5 | 98.6 | 23.0 | <.001 |
| Usual number of DDD in 1st trimester | 6.9 (8.8) | 4.1 (4.4) | 7.1 (4.5) | 1.1 (2.8) | <.001C,D,E,F |
| Usual number of DDD in 1st trimester1 | 9.2 (9.1) | 6.3 (4.0) | 7.2 (4.4) | 4.9 (4.2) | .006C,F |
| Drank in 2nd trimester (%) | 60.0 | 32.8 | 73.0 | 10.7 | <.001 |
| Usual number of DDD in 2nd trimester | 5.3 (7.6) | 1.9 (3.3) | 4.7 (5.1) | 0.5 (2.3) | <.001A,C,D,E,F |
| Usual number of DDD in 2nd trimester1 | 9.4 (8.0) | 6.2 (3.0) | 6.7 (4.9) | 5.6 (5.2) | .048 |
| Drank in 3rd trimester (%) | 41.8 | 17.2 | 35.1 | 5.3 | <.001 |
| Usual number of DDD in 3rd trimester | 3.6 (6.5) | 0.6 (1.6) | 1.9 (3.9) | 0.2 (1.7) | <.001A,C,F |
| Usual number of DDD in 3rd trimester1 | 9.6 (7.5) | 4.3 (1.8) | 6.1 (4.8) | 5.4 (6.6) | .056 |
| Tobacco and Other Drug Use | |||||
| Used tobacco during pregnancy (% Yes) | 72.3 | 37.5 | 55.4 | 27.1 | <.001 |
| Used other drugs during pregnancy (% Yes) | 1.1 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 0.0 | .036 |
| Used other drugs in lifetime (% Yes) | 12.9 | 11.1 | 15.1 | 6.8 | .154 |
Significant (p<.05) post-hoc Dunnett C comparisons between:
A
FAS & PFAS
B
FAS & ARND
C
FAS & Randomly-Selected Controls
D
PFAS & ARND
E
PFAS & Randomly-Selected Controls
F
ARND & Randomly-Selected Controls
1.
Drinkers only in that specific time period.
Bonferroni-adjusted significant values: demographic and childbearing: p≤.004; drinking variables: p≤.005; tobacco use and other drugs: p≤.025