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. 2022 Oct 23;12:17799. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22724-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Left side: distribution of all elements (Ae), which are not the basis of chitin, in the epicuticle (above) and the exocuticle (below). Right side: Young’s modulus of the epicuticle (above) and the exocuticle (below). For the material property gradients, we used the mean values of the tested localities, rounded them to either 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% for the elemental composition and to 20 GPa, 30 GPa, 40 GPa, 50 GPa, and 60 GPa for the Young’s modulus. The smallest value (0% and 20 GPa) was assigned to the color dark blue and the highest value (40% and 60 GPa) to red. These colors were then assigned to the localities tested by creating areas in illustrator, which were colored employing the illustrator gradient tool.