Studies on PDVs anti-cancer activities. (A–D) In vivo bio-distribution and anti-cancer activities of TFENs (tea flower PELNs) based on a subcutaneous xenograft breast tumor model. (A) In vivo bio-distribution of DiR-loaded TFENs in tumor, heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney at different time points (6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). (B) Relative body weight variations and (C) tumor volume variations over 9 days after the treatment of TFENs via i.v. injection and oral route. (D) Tumor weights on day 9. Each point represents the mean ± SEM (n = 6). ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01. ns, no significance. (E–I) Assessment of LDEVs (lemon PELNs) effects on gastric cancer cells. (E) Flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle phases of AGS, BGC-823 and SGC-7901 treated with LDEVs. (F) CCK-8 assay to evaluate the cell viability of AGS, BGC-823, and SGC-7901 cells treated with different concentration LDEVs. (G) Western blot analysis the expression of caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 3 proteins in gastric cancer cells. (H) Flow cytometry analysis the apoptosis of three gastric cancer cells induced by LDEVs. (I) Plate colony formation assay of AGS, BGC-823, and SGC-7901 cells with or without LDEVs treatment; These experiments were performed three times. (A–D) Adapted with permission [72]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (E–I) Adapted with permission [31]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature.