Studies on PDV applications in drug delivery for cancer therapy. (A–D) Anti-tumor effects of lemon PELNs (named EVs in this figure), Dox, PELN-Dox combination (ED), and heparin-PELN-Dox (HRED) model in the SKOV3/DOX-Luc orthotopic ovarian cancer xenograft nude mice model. (A) Excised tumor of the mice from each group. Scale: 1 unit = 1 cm. (B) Tumor weights of the mice in all groups. (C) Tumor volume of the mice in all groups. Results are represented as mean ± SD (n = 6). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. (D) Excised organ images and H&E staining of metastatic nodules of liver in PBS group, intestine in EVs group, and kidney in Dox group. yellow arrows point to tumor metastasis. Scale bar: 50 μm. (E–F) Antitumor effect of grapefruit PELNs (named EVs in this figure), Dox, DNs (Dox-loaded heparin-based nanoparticles), EV-DN (DNs patched on PELN surface) including EV-DN1 (166 ± 4 nm), EV-DN2 (192 ± 7 nm), and EV-DN3 (352 ± 22 nm) in the LN229-luc intracranial glioma model. (E) IVIS bioluminescent imaging of a representative glioma-luc-bearing mouse from each treatment group at different time and the bioluminescent signal intensity curve of treatment groups (n = 6). Normalized to 0 day of glioma-luc-bearing mice in all groups. (F) Kaplan–Meier survival curves of the mice in all groups. (A–D) Adapted from Ref. [65]. Copyright, 2022. Wiley Online Library. (E–F) Adapted from Ref. [64]. Copyright, 2021. American Chemical Society.