Table 3.

Plant-derived vesicle research related to cancer therapy.

Category	Source	Target cancer	Findings	Ref
Anti-cancer activity	Asparagus cochinchinensis	Liver	SRs blockade or PEGylation of vesicles increase vesicle circulation time and accumulation in tumor sites	[40]
	Bitter melon	Oral	Induce S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis Downregulate NLRP3 expression Reduce the resistance of cancer cells to 5-Fluorouracil	[41]
	Bitter melon	Brain	Inhibit glioma growth via regulating PI3K/AKT pathway	[42]
			Prevent metastasis via downregulating MMP9
	Corn	Colon	Inhibit proliferation of cancer cells	[18]
			Activate tumor necrosis factor-α release in macrophages
	Dendropanax morbifera	Skin	Reduce cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor environment	[98]
			Inhibit metastasis
	Dendropanax morbifera Pinus densiflora	Breast and skin	Exert synergistic anti-cancer effects when in combination	[99]
	Fingerroot	Colorectal	Disrupt intracellular redox homeostasis and induce apoptosis	[51]
	Garlic	Kidney and lung	Cause caspase mediated apoptosis	[52]
	Ginseng	Skin	Alter macrophage polarization	[57]
	Ginseng	Colon and breast	Combined with programmed cell death protein-1 monoclonal antibody	[100]
			Alter cold tumor environment
	Grapefruit	Skin	Induce cell cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint	[84]
			Reduce cyclins B1 and B2 expression levels
			Upregulate cell cycle inhibitor p21 Inhibit Akt and ERK signaling
	Lemon	Colorectal, blood and lung	Induce TRAIL-mediated cell death	[12]
	Lemon	Colorectal, blood	Mediate lipid metabolism inhibition Downregulate Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 1	[101]
	Lemon	Gastric	Induce S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis	[31]
	Moringa oleifera	Blood and cervical	Increase apoptosis levels	[102]
			Decrease B-cell lymphoma 2 protein expression
			Reduce mitochondrial membrane potential
	Tea flowers	Breast	Trigger breast tumors apoptosis	[72]
			Inhibit lung metastasis
			Modulate gut microbiota
Therapeutic agents delivery	Aloe vera	Skin	Deliver indocyanine green for phototherapy	[34]
	Cabbage	Colon	Deliver Dox, miR-184	[29]
	Ginger	Colon	Carry FA + Dox	[82]
	Ginger	Colon	Coated with fucoidan and poly-lysine Carry Dox	[55]
	Ginger	Skin	Carry FA and siRNA (manipulated angle and orientation)	[54]
	Grapefruit	Colon and brain	Carry FA + PTX, FA + siRNA, JSI-124 Do not pass the placental barrier	[10]
	Grapefruit	Colon and breast	Coated with plasma membrane of leukocytes Carry curcumin and Dox	[103]
	Grapefruit	Brain	Coated with FA + polyethylenimine Carry miR17	[62]
	Grapefruit	Colon	Carry miR-18a	[94]
			Inhibit liver metastasis
	Grapefruit	Brain	Loaded with heparin + Dox	[64]
	Lemon	Ovarian	Carry heparin-cRGD + Dox Overcome drug resistance	[65]

FA: folic acid; Dox: doxorubicin; PTX: paclitaxel.