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EVs from different cells exacerbates the inflammation of osteoarthritis: (A) EVs from SF and chondrocytes affect macrophages, leading to the intensification of synovial inflammation. (B) EVs from the joint microenvironment affect chondrocyte metabolism, leading to increased catabolism and cartilage matrix destruction. (C) EVs from osteoclasts cause abnormal subchondral bone remodeling.
