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. 2022 Oct 20;22:423–452. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.10.012

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© 2022 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 9 — EMSC-Exos relieved osteoarthritis by reducing inflammation, inhibiting pain, and restoring matrix homeostasis. (A) The mechanism of EMSC-Exos promoting joint repair. (B) Time-dependent injury response after treatment indicated the effect of Exos treatment on pain. (C) Exos treatment suppressed inflammation. Expression of IL-1β⁺ cells in cartilage at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. (D) Exos treatment reduced apoptosis. Expression of CCP3⁺ cells in cartilage at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. (E) Exos reversed TMJ degeneration in OA patients. Schematic model of joint condyle head (left), condyle height in different areas (upper right), percentage of cartilage thickness in different areas (lower right). * Compared to OA + PBS group, # compared to Sham group, n = 6–8/group. Reproduced with permission [161]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.