Table 2.

Estimated genetic correlation between hip fractures and risk factors for hip fractures

Disease or trait	Genetic correlation
	rg	SE	p
Fracture at any bone site	0.68a	0.10a	4.6 × 10−11a
BMD-related measures
FN-BMDb	−0.89a	0.10a	5.9 × 10−20a
LS-BMDb	−0.43a	0.09a	1.2 × 10−6a
eBMD	−0.48a	0.06a	5.7 × 10−16a
Clinical risk factors
Age at menopauseb	−0.06	0.07	4.3 × 10−1
Only femalesb	−0.01	0.11	9.1 × 10−1
Age at menarcheb	−0.01	0.05	8.1 × 10−1
Only femalesb	−0.05	0.07	4.7 × 10−1
Relative age voice brokeb	0.01	0.07	9.0 × 10−1
Only malesb	−0.20	0.13	1.3 × 10−1
Grip strength	−0.12	0.05	7.8 × 10−3
Vitamin D levels	−0.01	0.06	8.9 × 10−1
Falls	0.35b	0.07b	2.1 × 10−7a
Coronary artery diseaseb	−0.04	0.06	5.4 × 10−1
Rheumatoid arthritisb	0.06	0.07	4.4 × 10−1
Inflammatory bowel diseaseb	0.06	0.07	3.8 × 10−1
Type 2 diabetesb	−0.07	0.10	4.5 × 10−1
Ever vs never smokedb	0.23	0.08	3.9 × 10−3
Alcohol consumption	0.13	0.05	6.9 × 10−3
Alzheimer′s disease	0.08	0.11	4.7 × 10−1

We evaluated the genetic correlation for plausible risk factors and Alzheimer′s disease with hip fractures. The genetic correlations were evaluated either using LDhub or locally using public available GWAS summary statistics (fractures at any bone site,⁷ eBMD,¹¹ grip strength,¹⁶ falls,¹⁵ vitamin D,¹⁷ alcohol consumption,¹⁸ Alzheimer′s disease¹⁴). For diseases/traits including UK-Biobank in the GWAS and displaying significant genetic correlations (p < 0.05/17 = 0.0029) with hip fractures, sensitivity analyses were performed excluding UK Biobank in the hip fracture meta-analysis used for the correlations (analyses excluding UK Biobank: eBMD r_g = −0.53, p = 5.1 × 10⁻¹⁰; falls r_g = 0.33, p = 2 × 10⁻⁴). BMD, bone mineral density; FN, femoral neck; LS, lumbar spine; eBMD, estimated bone mineral density in the heel using ultrasound.

^aSignificant genetic correlation with risk of hip fracture passing Bonferroni adjusted level (p<0.05/17= 0.0029).

^bGenetic correlations evaluated in the LD hub.