Figure 2.

Body weight and body composition change

(A and B) Body weight change (A), relative body weight change (B) for the low-carbohydrate diet (LCD), 8-h time-restricted eating (TRE), and combination treatment (Both) groups during the 3-month intervention period.

(C–I) Mean decrease in (C) body weight after 1, 2, and 3 months among three groups. Change in (D) waist circumstance, (E) hip circumstance, (F) body fat mass, (G) waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), (H) subcutaneous fat area (SFA), (I) visceral fat area (VFA) among three groups after 3 months of the intervention.

For (A) and (D)–(I), analyses were conducted using all participants (intention-to-treat) using a linear mixed model with randomized dietary intervention as factor to correct for the correlations of repeated measurements on changes in body weight and using a multiple imputation approach for other missing data. Each black data point represents an individual participant (LCD, n = 55; TRE, n = 55; Both, n = 52). Change from baseline is presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001: pairwise comparisons of change scores between the groups (e.g., TRE versus LCD, TRE versus Both, LCD versus Both) were evaluated by t test or Mann-Whitney U test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001: significant differences shown at x axis compared with baseline (paired t test or paired Wilcoxon test). For (B), each column represents relative body weight change for each participant. For (C), change from baseline is presented as mean ± SEM, ^ap < 0.05, ^bp < 0.001: significant differences compared with 1 month before (paired t test).