Figure 3.
Change in metabolic factors among three groups
(A–J) Change in (A) fasting blood glucose (FBG), (B) uric acid, (C) hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), (D) fasting insulin, (E) homeostasis model assessment-IS (HOMA-IS), (F) triglycerides (TG), (G) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), (H) triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-c), (I) systolic blood pressure (SBP), and (J) diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among the low-carbohydrate diet (LCD), 8-h time-restricted eating (TRE), and combination treatment (Both) groups after 3 months of the intervention. Analyses were conducted using all participants (intention-to-treat), using a multiple imputation approach for other missing data. Each black data point represents an individual participant (LCD, n = 55; TRE, n = 55; Both, n = 52). Change from baseline is presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) for normally distributed variables or the median (interquartile range) for abnormal distribution. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001: pairwise comparisons of change scores between the groups (e.g., TRE versus LCD, TRE versus Both, LCD versus Both) were evaluated by t test or Mann-Whitney U test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001: significant differences shown at x axis compared with baseline (paired t test or paired Wilcoxon test).