Table 1.

Performances of PAM systems using TUTs.

FC (MHz)	BW (MHz)	Light transmittance	Acoustic focusing	Rlat (µm)	Scanning method	B-scan frame rate	Ref.
14.5	10.2	∼80% at 690–970 nm	Not focused	∼900	Mechanicala		[43]
36.9	12.5	> 80% at 450–1064 nm	Not focused	< 40	Mechanicala		[42]
13	9.2	∼90% at 532 nm	Not focused	6.92	Optical	12.5 Hz over 3 mm	[44]
24	26	> 60% at 450–1100 nm	Spherically focused	4.2	Mechanicala		[46]
11.2	2.6	∼66% at 700–900 nm	Spherically focused	312	Mechanicala		[47]
31.5	8	> 70% at 500–750 nm	Spherically focused	2.4	Mechanicala		[45]
34	8.8	∼50% at 532 nm	Cylindrically focused	10	Hybrid	500 Hz over 9 mm	This work

Fc, central frequency of the transparent ultrasound transducer; BW, bandwidth of the ultrasound transducer; R_lat, lateral resolution of the PAM system.

^aThe B-scan frame rate of mechanical scanning is determined by the laser pulse repetition rate (PRR) and the scanning speed of the motorized stage. Assuming a traditional PAM setup with a PRR of 1 kHz and a scanning speed of 10 mm/s, the typical B-scan frame rate of mechanical scanning is ∼1 Hz over 10 mm.