Table 4.
Multilevel estimation results.
| Variable | Probit (ME) | Tobit (sick days) |
|---|---|---|
| Basic pay rate (log) | 0.205 (0.128) | 4.451* (2.400) |
| Distance from work (miles) | 0.014*** (0.005) | 0.243*** (0.085) |
| Distance (squared) | −0.000*** (0.000) | −0.008*** (0.003) |
| Permanent contract (yes) | 0.095 (0.060) | 1.286 (1.194) |
| More than one job (yes) | −0.037 (0.035) | −1.076* (0.639) |
| Years in the role | −0.017 (0.011) | 0.296 (0.217) |
| Years in the role (squared) | −0.001* (0.001) | −0.024 (0.016) |
| Fixed hours (yes) | 0.044 (0.050) | 0.889* (0.973) |
| Hours worked (log) | 0.033 (0.020) | 1.148*** (0.365) |
| Female (yes) | 0.054 (0.042) | 0.905 (0.896) |
| PA disability (yes) | −0.071 (0.070) | −0.924 (1.272) |
| Ethnicity (non-white) | 0.039 (0.047) | 0.876 (0.941) |
| Age | 0.006 (0.007) | 0.093 (0.137) |
| Age (squared) | −0.000 (0.007) | −0.002 (0.002) |
| More than one type of support need (IE) | 0.016 (0.033) | 0.112 (0.651) |
| IE learning disability (yes) | −0.014 (0.048) | −0.030 (0.798) |
| Funding (ref: direct payment) | ||
| Personal Health Budget | −0.085 (0.058) | −1.961* (1.086) |
| Self-funded | 0.018 (0.041) | −0.233 (0.781) |
| Total number of PAs employed | 0.031*** (0.007) | 0.520*** (0.161) |
| IE is 65 years or older | −0.043* (0.025) | −0.383 (0.470) |
| JSA allowance (rate of uptake) | −0.066 (0.046) | −1.498 (0.787) |
| Total # home care providers | −0.002*** (0.000) | −0.025* (0.010) |
| Total # of care homes | 0.001*** (0.000) | 0.009* (0.005) |
| Constant | −18.476 | |
| Wald test | 104.91*** | 93.73*** |
| Pr>Chi2 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Variance across LAs (_constant) | 1.9e−33 | 6.6e−33 |
ME, Marginal effects; IE, Individual employer; PA, Personal Assistant; JSA, Job Seekers Allowance—unemployment benefit. Robust standard errors are in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1. Both models had 1,016 observations.