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. 2022 Oct 10;9:945538. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.945538

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Copyright © 2022 Francis, Stevenson, Tan, Ehrenfeld, Byeon, Attuquayefio, Gupta and Lim.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of the tryptophan metabolism. The black arrow shows the natural route of the KP metabolism. Greyed metabolites indicate not measured in this study. The purple lines indicate the role of neuroactive KP metabolites on the glutamatergic NMDA activity where (T) indicates antagonistic and arrow indicate agonistic effect. The dotted blue arrow depicts the pathological interaction of interest with its effectors to be examined in this study. The ratio of the metabolites was used as proxies for their corresponding KP enzyme activities. CRP, C-Reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TRP, tryptophan; KYN, kynurenine; AA, anthranilic acid; KA, kynurenic acid; 3HK, 3-Hydroxykynurenine; 3HAA, 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid; PA, Picolinic acid; QA, Quinolinic acid.