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Isopentanaldehyde and total kidney stone formation dose-response relationship (A). Benzaldehyde and total kidney stone formation dose-response relationship (B). Hexanaldehyde and total kidney stone formation dose-response relationship (C). The area between the upper and lower dashed lines is indicated as the 95% CI. The red line is connected by the magnitude of the aldehyde concentration into a continuous line. Adjustments were made for all covariates except for effect modifiers.
