Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in NHANES from 2013–2014.
| Characteristic | Stone formers (n = 68) | Non–stone formers (n = 707) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54.75 ± 15.65 | 48.37 ± 17.03 | 0.003 |
| Gender | 0.043 | ||
| Male | 40 (58.82%) | 325 (45.97%) | |
| Female | 28 (41.18%) | 382 (54.03%) | |
| Race | 0.007 | ||
| Mexican American | 16 (23.53%) | 198 (28.01%) | |
| White | 41 (60.29%) | 286 (40.45%) | |
| Black | 8 (11.76%) | 115 (16.27%) | |
| Other | 3 (4.41%) | 108 (15.28%) | |
| Education | 0.219 | ||
| Less than high school | 20 (29.41%) | 150 (21.22%) | |
| High school or equivalent | 16 (23.53%) | 155 (21.92%) | |
| College or above | 32 (47.06%) | 402 (56.86%) | |
| Alcohol | 0.813 | ||
| Yes | 49 (73.13%) | 481 (74.46%) | |
| No | 18 (26.87%) | 165 (254%) | |
| Marital status | 0.861 | ||
| Married | 42 (61.76%) | 429 (60.68%) | |
| Unmarried | 26 (38.24%) | 278 (39.32%) | |
| Smoked | 0.392 | ||
| Yes | 33 (48.53%) | 305 (43.14%) | |
| No | 35 (51.47%) | 402 (56.86%) | |
| Blood pressure | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 37 (54.41%) | 242 (34.23%) | |
| No | 31 (459%) | 465 (65.77%) | |
| Physical activity | 0.376 | ||
| Never | 47 (69.12%) | 442 (62.52%) | |
| Moderate | 13 (19.12%) | 135 (19.09%) | |
| Vigorous | 8 (11.76%) | 130 (18.39%) | |
| Diabetes | 0.094 | ||
| Yes | 14 (20.59%) | 82 (11.60%) | |
| No | 52 (76.47%) | 607 (85.86%) | |
| Borderline | 2 (2.94%) | 18 (2.55%) | |
| Ratio of family income to poverty | 2.29 ± 1.62 | 2.59 ± 1.65 | 0.16 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.55 ± 8.03 | 29.19 ± 6.88 | 0.683 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.98 ± 0.47 | 0.87 ± 0.26 | 0.002 |
| Urine creatinine (mg/dl) | 122.70 ± 77.55 | 108.59 ± 76.06 | 0.145 |
| Total water (ml) | 2185.99 ± 2136.38 | 2401.23 ± 2097.66 | 0.457 |
| Benzaldehyde (ng/mL) | 2.29 ± 4.01 | 1.63 ± 1.68 | 0.01 |
| Butyraldehyde (ng/mL) | 0.58 ± 0.28 | 0.59 ± 0.34 | 0.829 |
| Heptanaldehyde (ng/mL) | 0.56 ± 0.43 | 0.51 ± 0.15 | 0.053 |
| Hexanaldehyde (ng/mL) | 3.29 ± 7.46 | 2.32 ± 1.02 | 0.001 |
| Isopentanaldehyde (ng/mL) | 0.77 ± 0.70 | 0.60 ± 0.49 | 0.012 |
| Propanaldehyde (ng/mL) | 2.24 ± 1.11 | 2.06 ± 0.89 | 0.125 |
Statistically significant: p < 0.05; BMI, body mass index.