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. 2022 Oct 10;13:1015835. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1015835

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Copyright © 2022 Hassan, Samanta, Dash, Karpiński, Habibi, Sadiq, Ahmadi and Bungau.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of neural connection of the basal ganglia. There are three main pathways: i) nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway; ii) intrastriatal cholinergic pathway; iii) GABAergic pathway from the striatum to GP and SN. [PF cortex: Prefrontal; Pre M; Premotor; Pry M: Primary motor; SAA:Sensory associated area; Cd N: Caudate nucleus; GP ES: Globus Pallidus external segment; GP IS: Globus pallidus internal segment; SNPR: Substantia nigra pars reticularis; SNPC: Substantia nigra pars compacta; GLU: Glutamatre; GABA: Gama amino butyric acid; NA:Noradrenaline].