. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2022 Jan 6;58(2):222–235. doi: 10.1037/dev0001289

Table 1.

Summarized Statistically Significant (p≤.05) Results Relating Children’s Non-Object-Oriented (NOO) Exploration to Bayley-III Outcomes, Presenting p-Values and the Direction of the Effect: (+) Positive Relation; (−) Negative Relation; GM = Gross Motor; FM = Fine Motor; RL = Receptive Language; EL = Expressive Language; CG = Cognitive.

NOO Exploratory Behaviors (Independent Variable)	Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Dependent Variable)
NOO Exploratory Behaviors (Independent Variable)	GM	FM	RL	EL	CG
Head Up	p<.001 (+)	p=.006 (+)
Head in Midline	p=.019 (+)			p=.026 (+)
Both Hands in Midline					p=.028 (−)
One Hand Fisted				p=.033 (−)
Hand in Mouth
Hand Touching Body	p=.001 (−)
Looking at Hand
Bouts of Exploration
Variability of Individual Behaviors
Variability of Combined Behaviors					p=.038 (+)