. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2022 Jan 6;58(2):222–235. doi: 10.1037/dev0001289

Table 2.

Summarized Statistically Significant (p≤.05) Results Relating Children’s Object-Oriented (OO) Exploration to Bayley-III Outcomes, Presenting p-Values and the Direction of the Effect: (+) Positive Relation; (−) Negative Relation; GM = Gross Motor; FM = Fine Motor; RL = Receptive Language; EL = Expressive Language; CG = Cognitive.

OO Exploratory Behaviors (Independent Variable)	Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Dependent Variable)
OO Exploratory Behaviors (Independent Variable)	GM	FM	RL	EL	CG
Holding Object Unimanually		p<.001 (−)			p=.021 (−)
Holding Object Bimanually		p<.001 (+)			p=.021 (+)
Object in Mouth		p=.008 (+)	p=.008 (+)
Object Touching Body			p=.028 (−)	p=.001 (−)	p=.004 (−)
Looking at Object in Hand		p=.037 (+)	p=.043 (+)		p=.035 (+)
Fingering Object
Banging Object		p<.001 (+)			p=.003 (+)
Object Manipulation		p=.046 (+)
Transferring Object		p=.017 (+)			p=.004 (+)
Bouts of Exploration		p<.001 (+)			p<.001 (+)
Variability of Individual Behaviors		p<.001 (+)			p<.001 (+)
Variability of Combined Behaviors		p<.001 (+)			p=.021 (+)