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. 2022 Oct 21;62(2):797–806. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-03023-6

Table 2.

Association of SSB, LNCB, and FJ consumption with all-cause mortality risk in 118,707 participants of Lifelines

HR (95% CI) by categories of beverages consumption HR (95% CI) for each servings/day increment P for interaction
No consumption  > 0–2 servings/week  > 2- < 7 servings/week  ≥ 1 servings/day
SSB
 n 43,927 29,706 25,595 19,479 118,707
 Event (%) 1471 (3.3) 655 (2.2) 428 (1.7) 298 (1.5) 2852 (2.4)
 Model 1 1 (ref) 0.88 (0.81–0.97) 0.96 (0.86–1.08) 1.37 (1.21–1.56) 1.19 (1.13–1.25)
 Model 2 1 (ref) 0.91 (0.83–1.00) 0.96 (0.86–1.06) 1.23 (1.08–1.40) 1.12 (1.07–1.18)
 Model 3 1 (ref) 0.91 (0.83–1.01) 0.93 (0.83–1.04) 1.12 (0.97–1.29) 1.09 (1.03–1.16)
Mena 0.003
 n 13,313 12,155 11,992 10,483 47,943
 Event (%) 713 (5.4) 356 (2.9) 253 (2.1) 194 (1.9) 1516 (3.2)
 Model 3 1 (ref) 0.82 (0.72–0.94) 0.85 (0.73–0.99) 1.09 (0.91–1.31) 1.06 (0.99–1.14)
Womena
 n 30,614 17,551 13,603 8996 70,764
 Event (%) 758 (2.5) 299 (1.7) 175 (1.3) 104 (1.2) 1336 (1.9)
 Model 3 1 (ref) 1.02 (0.89–1.17) 1.03 (0.87–1.23) 1.15 (0.91–1.44) 1.15 (1.05–1.25)
LNCB
 n 52,375 23,842 25,494 16,996 118,707
 Event (%) 1471 (2.8) 565 (2.4) 487 (1.9) 329 (1.9) 2852 (2.4)
 Model 1 1 (ref) 0.86 (0.78–0.95) 0.94 (0.85–1.05) 1.22 (1.08–1.38) 1.10 (1.04–1.15)
 Model 2 1 (ref) 0.90 (0.82–0.99) 0.95 (0.86–1.06) 1.14 (1.01–1.29) 1.06 (1.00–1.11)
 Model 3 1 (ref) 0.93 (0.84–1.03) 0.96 (0.86–1.07) 1.15 (1.02–1.30) 1.06 (1.00–1.11)
Mena 0.96
 N 22,027 8806 10,238 6872 47,943
 Event (%) 770 (3.5) 288 (3.3) 274 (2.7) 184 (2.7) 1516 (3.2)
 Model 3 1 (ref) 0.93 (0.81–1.06) 0.99 (0.86–1.14) 1.19 (1.01–1.41) 1.06 (0.99–1.13)
Womena
 n 30,348 15,036 15,256 10,124 70,764
 Event (%) 701 (2.3) 277 (1.8) 213 (1.4) 145 (1.4) 1336 (1.9)
 Model 3 1 (ref) 0.93 (0.81–1.07) 0.91 (0.78–1.07) 1.07 (0.89–1.29) 1.04 (0.97–1.12)
FJ
 n 28,346 38,053 39,088 13,220 118,707
 Event (%) 963 (3.4) 817 (2.1) 825 (2.1) 247 (1.9) 2852 (2.4)
 Model 1 1 (ref) 0.79 (0.72–0.87) 0.84 (0.76–0.92) 1.13 (0.98–1.31) 1.08 (1.01–1.15)
 Model 2 1 (ref) 0.86 (0.78–0.95) 0.91 (0.83–1.00) 1.17 (1.02–1.35) 1.08 (1.02–1.16)
 Model 3 1 (ref) 0.87 (0.79–0.95) 0.89 (0.81–0.98) 1.10 (0.95–1.27) 1.05 (0.98–1.12)
Mena 0.07
 n 10,881 14,263 16,445 6354 47,943
 Event (%) 523 (4.8) 430 (3.0) 424 (2.6) 139 (2.2) 1516 (3.2)
 Model 3 1 (ref) 0.85 (0.75–0.97) 0.80 (0.71–0.92) 1.07 (0.88–1.30) 1.00 (0.91–1.10)
Womena
 n 17,465 23,790 22,643 6866 70,764
 Event (%) 440 (2.5) 387 (1.6) 401 (1.8) 108 (1.6) 1336 (1.9)
 Model 3 1 (ref) 0.88 (0.76–1.01) 0.99 (0.86–1.13) 1.10 (0.88–1.38) 1.09 (0.98–1.20)

Model 1: adjusted for age, sex; model 2: model 1 with additionally adjusted for education level, alcohol consumption, smoking status, moderate physical activity, sedentary behavior, baseline BMI; model 3: model 2 with additionally adjusted for consumptions of grain, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, meat and processed meat, coffee, tea, legumes, nuts, fats and oils, sugary foods, mutual adjustment for other beverages (SSB, LNCB, and fruit juice), and energy intake

FJ fruit juice, LNCB low-calorie sweetened beverages, SBB sugar-sweetened beverages

aP value for interaction with sex was calculated in each serving/day increment for SSB and LNCB and using categorical model for FJ