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. 2022 Oct 21;20(5):323–337. doi: 10.1038/s41575-022-00698-4

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Fig. 3 — Multiple studies have suggested the role of diet, probiotics, and microbiota-derived metabolites and faecal microbiota transplantation in enhancing antiviral capacity and improving clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), such as severity and symptoms, potentially through the modulation of gut microbiota. Nevertheless, many of these preliminary conclusions were drawn based on association and retrospective analyses. Further animal and clinical studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanistic links underlying the therapeutic effects of these microbiota-based interventions. BIP, 2,5-bis(3-indolylmethyl)pyrazine; IPA, N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenosine; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid.