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. 2022 Sep 26;13(4):164. doi: 10.3390/jfb13040164

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Hard tissue sections of pure Zn, Zn-0.4Li, Zn-0.1Mn, Zn-0.8 Mg, Zn-0.8Ca, Zn-0.1Sr, Zn-0.4Fe, Zn-0.4Cu and Zn-2Ag in metaphysis. The magnified region is marked by red rectangle. NB, new bone; DP, degradation products; FT, fibrous tissue. Scale bar, 0.5 mm in low magnification, 500 μm in high magnification [24]. (b) Histological characterization of hard tissue sections at implant sites. Van Gieson staining of pure Zn [55]. (c) The Van Gieson staining results of specimens 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Within each row, full-view images of bone defect areas (20×), medium magnification images (50×), and higher magnification images (100×) arranged from left to right [70]. (d) Van Gieson staining of representative histological images of femoral fracture healing at 6 months. The fracture healing and fixation screws are magnified and marked by red rectangles [25].