Table 1.

Characteristics of different typical metallic biomaterials.

Classification	Materials	Biodegradability	Mechanical Properties	Biocompatibility	Applications or Potential Applications	Ref.
Non-biodegradable metallicmaterials	316L SS	Non-biodegradable	High elastic modulus, low wear and corrosion resistance, high tensile strength	High biocompatibility	Acetabular cup, bone screws, bone plates, pins, etc.	[11]
	Co–Cr alloys	Non-biodegradable	High elastic modulus, high wear and corrosion resistance	Low biocompatibility	Bone screws, bone plates, femoral stems, total hip replacements, etc.	[12]
	Ti alloys	Non-biodegradable	Poor fatigue strength, light weight	High biocompatibility	Dental implants, bone screws, bone plates, etc.	[11,13]
Biodegradable metallic materials	Mg-based alloys	Biodegradable, high degradation rate	Poor mechanical properties, elastic modulus are close to cortical bone	High biocompatibility, H2 evolution	Bone screws, bone plates (non-load bearing parts), etc.	[2,9]
	Fe-based alloys	Biodegradable, low degradation rate	High elastic modulus, poor mechanical properties	Low biocompatibility	Bone screws, bone plates, etc.	[9]
	Zn-based alloys	Biodegradable, moderate corrosion rate	High elastic modulus, high mechanical properties, low creep resistance	Cytotoxicity, no gas production, high biocompatibility	Bone screws, bone plates (load-bearing parts (potential applications)), etc.	[3,9,10]