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. 2022 Oct 21;14(4):841–874. doi: 10.3390/neurolint14040069

Table 3.

Basic characteristics and main findings of studies including patients with both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.

1st Author (Year) Type of Stroke, Study Design, Participants,
Age (years)		 Time of DTI Acquisition
Field Strength, DTI Parameters,
DTI Analysis/Metrics,
Additional Imaging/Electrophysiology		 Anatomical Region Examined Outcome Scale Utilized Main Findings
Imura (2015) [47]

  • Ischemic (n = 16) and hemorrhagic (n = 9);

  • Cross-sectional;

  • 25 patients;

  • Age 71.5 ± 11.

  • Within 10 days;

  • 3 T, 16 directions;

  • FA and ADC, FN asymmetry index.

 CST MI, BRS, BI, and FIM on the same data as DTI and at 1 month.

  • Significant correlation between the FA value of the affected CST and motor outcome (BRS-UE, BRS-F, BRS-LE, MI-UE, and MI-LE) within 10 days and 1 mo post-onset.

  • Significant correlation between the FA value of the affected CST and ADL function (BI, BI-gait, FIM-M, and FIM-gait) within 10 days and 1 month post-onset.
Nakashima (2017) [39]

  • Ischemic (n = 12) and hemorrhagic (n = 5);

  • Cross-sectional;

  • 17 patients;

  • Age mean 68 (40–93).

  • 14 days after admission;

  • 1.5 T, 12 directions;

  • FA and rFA for ROIs placed in CP, pattern of tractography [incompletely disrupted-type A, completely disrupted-type B];

  • Additional VBM on 3D T1 using SPM12.

 CP FMA, MAL at 3 months.

  • 12 patients as type A and 5 patients as type B.

  • CP rFA was significantly correlated with FMA, amount of use, and quality of movement 3 months after stroke for type A.
Koyama (2018) [40]

  • Ischemic (n = 40) and hemorrhagic (n = 40);

  • Cross-sectional;

  • 80 patients;

  • Age 31–89 for hemorrhage, 41–84 for infarct.

  • 14–21 days after admission;

  • 3 T, 12 directions;

  • FA in the unaffected hemisphere, and rFA.

 CP BRS, FIM-motor monthly, and LOS.

  • Lower rFA in hemorrhage compared to the infarct group.

  • The correlations between rFA and outcome measures were all statistically significant for both the hemorrhage and the infarct groups.

  • The correlation patterns for BRS and LOS were very similar between the hemorrhage and the infarct groups.
Okamoto (2021) [34]

  • Ischemic (n = 8) and hemorrhagic (n = 9);

  • Cross-sectional;

  • 17 patients;

  • Age 32–75.

  • 25–64 days post-onset;

  • 1.5 T, 6 directions;

  • FA and rFA;

  • Additional MEP and CMCT.

 PLIC FMA, ARAT, and use or non-use of a short leg brace at discharge from the recovery rehabilitation unit.

  • Positive correlation between rFA and FMA-UE, as well as ARAT score (better recovery of upper limb function).