Figure 4.

Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-mediated immunomodulatory and inflammatory response. Following infection, SARS-CoV-2 hyperactivates immune cells, such as T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. Initial increase in immune response activates proinflammatory cytokines. As a result, cytokine levels increase, which include IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNFα. The increase in immune response leading to increased cytokine levels is associated with lung pathology likely causing acute respiratory distress syndrome. Red line indicates the possible anti-inflammatory mechanism of bioactive compounds (figure created with Biorender.com).