Table 2.
Pooling results of bodies of evidence from RCTs with cohort studies based on random effects and common effects models, 95% prediction intervals, heterogeneity, test for subgroup difference, and population (P), intervention (I)/exposure (E), comparator (C), and outcome similarity degree
| Author, year, and reference | Intervention/exposure | Outcome | BoE RCTs, n | Effect estimate (95% CI) | I2 (%)/tau2 | BoE CSs, n | Effect estimate (95% CI) |
I2 (%)/tau2 | Pooled effect estimate (95%) RE (95% prediction interval) |
I2 (%)/tau2 | Weight RCTs (%) | RCT conclusion modified | Test for subgroup difference (p-value) | Pooled effect estimate (95%) CE | Degree of PI/ECO similarity* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aburto 2013 [14] | Low sodium | Mortality | 4 | RR: 0.70 (0.44, 1.14) | 0/0.00 | 7 | RR: 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 61/0.02 |
RR: 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) (0.68, 1.26) |
47/0.02 | 5.0 | N | 0.25 | RR: 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 2 |
| Aburto 2013 [14] | Low sodium | Cardiovascular disease | 2 | RR: 0.84 (0.57, 1.23) | 0/0.00 | 9 | RR: 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 78/0.07 |
RR: 0.89 (0.75, 1.06) (0.49, 1.62) |
74/0.07 | 8.7 | N | 0.78 | RR: 0.86 (0.80, 0.93) | 2 |
| Ahmad 2015 [15] | Intra-aortic balloon pump | Mortality | 12 | OR: 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) | 0/0.00 | 14 | OR: 1.02 (0.57, 1.82) | 97/1.03 |
OR: 1.02 (0.67, 1.56) (0.14, 7.32) |
95/0.86 | 37.8 | N | 0.85 | OR: 0.76 (0.72, 0.82) | 1 |
| Alipanah 2018 [16] | Self-administered therapy | Treatment success | 4 | RR: 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | 25/0.00 | 16 | RR: 0.81 (0.74, 0.88) | 91/0.02 |
RR: 0.84 (0.78, 0.90) (0.62, 1.14) |
89/0.02 | 19.1 | Y | 0.01 | RR: 0.92 (0.90, 0.94) | 3 |
| Alipanah 2018 [16] | Self-administered therapy | Treatment completion | 5 | RR: 0.79 (0.57, 1.09) | 45/0.06 | 14 | RR: 1.10 (0.91, 1.33) | 86/0.07 |
RR: 1.02 (0.84, 1.23) (0.51, 2.02) |
88/0.10 | 24.4 | N | 0.08 | RR: 1.12 (1.07, 1.17) | 3 |
| Alipanah 2018 [16] | Self-administered therapy | Mortality | 4 | RR: 0.73 (0.45, 1.19) | 0/0.00 | 23 | RR: 1.35 (1.00, 1.83) | 90/0.34 |
RR: 1.26 (0.95, 1.67) (0.37, 4.28) |
88/0.33 | 9.8 | N | 0.04 | RR: 1.26 (1.18, 1.34) | 3 |
| Anglemyer 2013 [17] | Antiretroviral therapy | HIV infection | 1 | RR: 0.11 (0.04, 0.30) | NA | 9 | RR: 0.59 (0.36, 0.97) | 63/0.25 |
RR: 0.45 (0.26, 0.78) (0.09, 2.31) |
75/0.42 | 11.8 | N | 0.003 | RR: 0.72 (0.64, 0.82) | 3 |
| Azad 2017 [18] | Non-nutritive sweeteners | BMI | 3 | MD: −0.37 (−1.10, 0.36) | 9/0.07 | 1 | MD: 0.77 (0.47, 1.07) | NA |
MD: 0.23 (−0.77, 1.23) (−3.88, 4.34) |
79/0.65 | 61.4 | N | 0.005 | MD: 0.53 (0.26, 0.80) | 2 |
| Barnard 2015 [19] | Surgical abortion by mid-level providers | Failure or incomplete abortion | 2 | RR: 2.84 (0.24, 32.97) | 65/2.22 | 2 | RR: 2.47 (1.44, 4.23) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 2.23 (1.15, 4.32) (0.24, 20.54) |
33/0.15 | 34.5 | Y | 0.91 | RR: 2.14 (1.35, 3.39) | 2 |
| Barnard 2015 [19] | Surgical abortion by mid-level providers | Complications | 2 | RR: 0.94 (0.14, 6.44) | 0/0.00 | 2 | RR: 1.30 (0.57, 2.96) | 70/0.26 |
RR: 1.31 (0.70, 2.42) (0.17, 10.11) |
32/0.13 | 9.7 | N | 0.76 | RR: 1.51 (1.05, 2.17) | 2 |
| Barnard 2015 [19] | Surgical abortion by mid-level providers | Abortion failure and complications | 2 | RR: 2.93 (0.19, 44.15) | 72/2.90 | 3 | RR: 1.33 (0.78, 2.27) | 74/0.16 |
RR: 1.36 (0.83, 2.21) (0.29, 6.32) |
65/0.17 | 19.5 | N | 0.58 | RR: 1.43 (1.12, 1.82) | 2 |
| Bellemain-Appaix 2012 [20] | Clopidogrel pretreatment for percutaneous coronary intervention | Mortality | 7 | OR: 0.80 (0.58, 1.10) | 0/0.00 | 8 | OR: 0.79 (0.53, 1.18) | 79/0.23 |
OR: 0.77 (0.57, 1.04) (0.30, 2.02) |
66/0.17 | 30.7 | N | 0.96 | OR: 0.65 (0.57, 0.75) | 2 |
| Bellemain-Appaix 2012 [20] | Clopidogrel pretreatment for percutaneous coronary intervention | Major bleeding | 7 | OR: 1.18 (0.93, 1.50) | 0/0.00 | 8 | OR: 1.03 (0.69, 1.53) | 64/0.16 |
OR: 1.04 (0.81, 1.33) (0.54, 2.03) |
46/0.08 | 40.4 | N | 0.56 | OR: 1.07 (0.92, 1.24) | 2 |
| Bellemain-Appaix 2012 [20] | Clopidogrel pretreatment for percutaneous coronary intervention | Major coronary event | 7 | OR: 0.77 (0.66, 0.89) | 4/0.00 | 8 | OR: 0.76 (0.60, 0.95) | 82/0.08 |
OR: 0.76 (0.65, 0.89) (0.45, 1.29) |
69/0.05 | 36.0 | N | 0.92 | OR: 0.78 (0.73, 0.85) | 2 |
| Bellemain-Appaix 2014 [21] | P2Y12 inhibitor pretreatment in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome | Mortality | 3 | OR: 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 5/0.01 | 4 | OR: 0.69 (0.35, 1.32) | 35/0.17 |
OR: 0.90 (0.75, 1.07) (0.65, 1.24) |
10/0.01 | 66.8 | N | 0.44 | OR: 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) | 2 |
| Bellemain-Appaix 2014 [21] | P2Y12 inhibitor pretreatment in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome | Major bleeding | 3 | OR: 1.43 (1.16, 1.76) | 0/0.00 | 4 | OR: 1.13 (0.92, 1.39) | 0/0.00 |
OR: 1.27 (1.10, 1.47) (1.05, 1.54) |
0/0.00 | 49.7 | N | 0.11 | OR: 1.27 (1.10, 1.47) | 2 |
| Bellemain-Appaix 2014 [21] | P2Y12 inhibitor pretreatment in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome | Main composite ischemic endpoint | 3 | OR: 0.87 (0.73, 1.04) | 48/0.01 | 4 | OR: 0.78 (0.56, 1.08) | 65/0.07 |
OR: 0.84 (0.72, 0.98) (0.56, 1.26) |
52/0.02 | 55.0 | Y | 0.55 | OR: 0.85 (0.78, 0.93) | 2 |
| Bloomfield 2016 [22] | Mediterranean diet | Breast cancer | 1 | RR: 0.43 (0.21, 0.88) | NA | 13 | RR: 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 52/0.01 |
RR: 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) (0.78, 1.17) |
57/0.01 | 0.9 | Y | 0.03 | RR: 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) | 2 |
| Bolland 2015 [23] | High calcium | All fractures | 22 | RR: 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) | 23/0.00 | 5 | RR: 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) | 68/0.01 |
RR: 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) (0.78, 1.14) |
50/0.01 | 58.0 | Y | 0.04 | RR: 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 2 |
| Bolland 2015 [23] | High calcium | Vertebral fracture | 12 | RR: 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) | 0/0.00 | 1 | RR: 1.40 (1.10, 1.78) | NA |
RR: 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) (0.65, 1.34) |
22/0.02 | 76.7 | N | 0.0007 | RR: 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 2 |
| Bolland 2015 [23] | High calcium | Hip fracture | 13 | RR: 0.95 (0.76, 1.18) | 36/0.04 | 6 | RR: 1.09 (0.91, 1.30) | 50/0.03 |
RR: 1.02 (0.89, 1.18) (0.67, 1.56) |
46/0.04 | 42.8 | N | 0.34 | RR: 0.98 (0.91, 1.07) | 2 |
| Brenner 2014 [24] | Sigmoidoscopy, screening for CRC | Colorectal cancer mortality | 4 | RR: 0.72 (0.65, 0.80) | 0/0.00 | 1 | RR: 0.59 (0.45, 0.77) | NA |
RR: 0.70 (0.64, 0.77) (0.60, 0.82) |
0/0.00 | 87.3 | N | 0.18 | RR: 0.70 (0.64, 0.77) | 1 |
| Brenner 2014 [24] | Sigmoidoscopy, screening for CRC | Colorectal cancer incidence | 4 | RR: 0.82 (0.75, 0.90) | 51/0.00 | 2 | RR: 0.50 (0.37, 0.69) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.78 (0.69, 0.89) (0.55, 1.11) |
65/0.01 | 89.0 | N | 0.003 | RR: 0.79 (0.74, 0.84) | 2 |
| Chowdhury 2012 [25] | High omega-3-fatty acids | Cerebrovascular disease | 2 | RR: 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | 10/0.00 | 10 | RR: 0.89 (0.80, 0.99) | 17/0.01 |
RR: 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) (0.78, 1.10) |
21/0.00 | 40.7 | N | 0.17 | RR: 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 2 |
| Chowdhury 2014a [76] | High α-linolenic acid | Coronary event | 4 | RR: 0.97 (0.69, 1.36) | 52/0.06 | 7 | RR: 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) | 61/0.02 |
RR: 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) (0.72, 1.37) |
54/0.02 | 21.4 | N | 0.92 | RR: 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 3 |
| Chowdhury 2014a [76] | High omega-3-fatty acids | Coronary event | 17 | RR: 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 17/0.01 | 16 | RR: 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | 76/0.03 |
RR: 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) (0.66, 1.22) |
61/0.02 | 38.1 | Y | 0.26 | RR: 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) | 3 |
| Chowdhury 2014a [76] | High omega-6-fatty acids | Coronary event | 8 | RR: 0.86 (0.69, 1.07) | 59/0.05 | 8 | RR: 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 54/0.01 |
RR: 0.94 (0.87, 1.03) (0.73, 1.21) |
56/0.01 | 30.0 | N | 0.27 | RR: 0.96 (0.94, 1.01) | 3 |
| Chung 2016 [27] | High calcium | Cardiovascular disease mortality | 2 | RR: 1.05 (0.82, 1.33) | 0/0.00 | 6 | RR: 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | 37/0.01 |
RR: 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) (0.86, 1.15) |
11/0.00 | 10.1 | N | 0.58 | RR: 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 2 |
| Ding 2017 [28] | High dairy | Systolic blood pressure | 8 | MD: −0.21 (−0.98, 0.57) | 0/0.00 | 27 | MD: −0.11 (−0.20, −0.02) | 30/0.01 |
MD: −0.11 (−0.20, −0.03) (−0.34, 0.11) |
24/0.01 | 1.2 | Y | 0.80 | MD: −0.16 (−0.21, −0.11) | 2 |
| Fenton 2018 [29] | Radiation therapy | Erectile dysfunction | 1 | RR: 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | NA | 7 | RR: 1.30 (1.19, 1.43) | 31/0.00 |
RR: 1.24 (1.09, 1.41) (0.83, 1.86) |
70/0.02 | 14.3 | Y | 0.0003 | RR: 1.23 (1.15, 1.32) | 2 |
| Fenton 2018 [29] | Radical prostatectomy | Urinary incontinence | 3 | RR: 2.25 (1.80, 2.82) | 0/0.00 | 5 | RR: 2.91 (1.80, 4.71) | 67/0.18 |
RR: 2.54 (1.97, 3.27) (1.28, 5.03) |
51/0.06 | 47.9 | N | 0.34 | RR: 2.46 (2.08, 2.90) | 2 |
| Fenton 2018 [29] | Radical prostatectomy | Erectile dysfunction | 3 | RR: 1.60 (1.24, 2.07) | 87/0.05 | 6 | RR: 1.49 (1.33, 1.66) | 63/0.01 |
RR: 1.53 (1.37, 1.70) (1.07, 2.18) |
75/0.02 | 34.9 | N | 0.62 | RR: 1.50 (1.42, 1.58) | 2 |
| Filippini 2017 [30] | Disease-modifying drugs | Conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis | 7 | HR: 0.52 (0.46, 0.60) | 0/0.00 | 2 | HR: 0.48 (0.30, 0.78) | 62/0.08 |
HR: 0.53 (0.47, 0.59) (0.46, 0.61) |
0/0.00 | 70.0 | N | 0.74 | HR: 0.53 (0.47, 0.59) | 2 |
| Fluri 2010 [31] | Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass | Mortality | 2 | OR: 0.81 (0.62, 1.05) | 0/0.00 | 11 | OR: 0.97 (0.58, 1.62) | 0/0.00 |
OR: 0.84 (0.66, 1.06) (0.64, 1.09) |
0/0.00 | 79.7 | N | 0.54 | OR: 0.84 (0.66, 1.06) | 2 |
| Fluri 2010 [31] | Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass | Any stroke | 2 | OR: 0.44 (0.06, 3.21) | 85/1.80 | 15 | OR: 0.76 (0.49, 1.17) | 2/0.02 |
OR: 0.77 (0.50, 1.17) (0.29, 2.05) |
29/0.17 | 32.5 | N | 0.60 | OR: 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) | 2 |
| Fluri 2010 [31] | Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass | Death or dependency | 1 | OR: 0.94 (0.74, 1.21) | NA | 8 | OR: 0.81 (0.50, 1.31) | 0/0.00 |
OR: 0.91 (0.73, 1.14) (0.70, 1.19) |
0/0.00 | 79.4 | N | 0.59 | OR: 0.91 (0.73, 1.14) | 2 |
| Gargiulo 2016 [32] | Transcatheter aortic valve implantation | Early mortality | 5 | OR: 0.80 (0.58, 1.11) | 0/0.00 | 29 | OR: 1.08 (0.84, 1.39) | 41/0.16 |
OR: 1.01 (0.81, 1.26) (0.47, 2.20) |
39/0.13 | 18.4 | N | 0.16 | OR: 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | 2 |
| Gargiulo 2016 [32] | Transcatheter aortic valve implantation | Mid-term mortality | 5 | OR: 0.90 (0.71, 1.13) | 22/0.01 | 18 | OR: 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | 46/0.08 |
OR: 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) (0.59, 1.58) |
40/0.05 | 29.0 | N | 0.49 | OR: 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | 2 |
| Gargiulo 2016 [32] | Transcatheter aortic valve implantation | Long-term mortality | 4 | OR: 1.03 (0.77, 1.37) | 65/0.05 | 6 | OR: 1.70 (1.31, 2.20) | 0/0.00 |
OR: 1.28 (1.00, 1.65) (0.62, 2.66) |
62/0.08 | 53.3 | N | 0.01 | OR: 1.18 (1.03, 1.35) | 2 |
| Hartling 2013 [33] | Treating gestational diabetes mellitus | Birth weight > 4000g | 5 | RR: 0.50 (0.36, 0.71) | 49/0.07 | 6 | RR: 0.69 (0.31, 1.54) | 88/0.64 |
RR: 0.58 (0.40, 0.86) (0.17, 2.01) |
79/0.25 | 51.7 | N | 0.49 | RR: 0.54 (0.46, 0.63) | 2 |
| Hartling 2013 [33] | Treating gestational diabetes mellitus | Large-for-gestational age neonate | 3 | RR: 0.56 (0.45, 0.69) | 0/0.00 | 4 | RR: 0.43 (0.27, 0.70) | 58/0.13 |
RR: 0.47 (0.36, 0.62) (0.22, 1.02) |
60/0.07 | 50.2 | N | 0.35 | RR: 0.45 (0.39, 0.52) | 2 |
| Hartling 2013 [33] | Treating gestational diabetes mellitus | Shoulder dystocia | 3 | RR: 0.42 (0.23, 0.77) | 0/0.00 | 4 | RR: 0.38 (0.19, 0.75) | 16/0.09 |
RR: 0.39 (0.26, 0.60) (0.23, 0.68) |
0/0.00 | 49.9 | N | 0.81 | RR: 0.39 (0.26, 0.60) | 2 |
| Henderson 2019 [34] | Treating asymptomatic bacteriuria | Pyelonephritis | 12 | RR: 0.24 (0.14, 0.40) | 56/0.40 | 2 | RR: 0.29 (0.15, 0.57) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.25 (0.16, 0.39) (0.07, 0.87) |
48/0.28 | 84.9 | N | 0.64 | RR: 0.30 (0.23, 0.40) | 3 |
| Higgins 2016 [35] | BCG | Mortality | 3 | RR: 0.67 (0.40, 1.14) | 58/0.11 | 8 | RR: 0.46 (0.30, 0.69) | 63/0.19 |
RR: 0.51 (0.36, 0.72) (0.18, 1.46) |
67/0.19 | 29.9 | Y | 0.25 | RR: 0.57 (0.48, 0.68) | 3 |
| Higgins 2016 [35] | Measles containing vaccines | Mortality | 4 | RR: 0.74 (0.51, 1.07) | 0/0.00 | 13 | RR: 0.53 (0.40, 0.70) | 67/0.14 |
RR: 0.57 (0.45, 0.72) (0.27, 1.21) |
58/0.11 | 19.6 | Y | 0.15 | RR: 0.65 (0.57, 0.74) | 3 |
| Hopley 2010 [36] | Total hip arthroplasty | Reoperation | 4 | RR: 1.09 (0.40, 2.99) | 30/0.31 | 6 | RR: 0.45 (0.19, 1.08) | 23/0.28 |
RR: 0.66 (0.33, 1.32) (0.13, 3.42) |
34/0.39 | 43.8 | N | 0.19 | RR: 0.72 (0.43, 1.20) | 2 |
| Hopley 2010 [36] | Total hip arthroplasty | Dislocation | 4 | RR: 2.47 (0.69, 8.76) | 0/0.00 | 5 | RR: 0.79 (0.27, 2.35) | 18/0.28 |
RR: 1.20 (0.52, 2.76) (0.28, 5.08) |
12/0.17 | 36.3 | N | 0.18 | RR: 1.16 (0.54 2.52) | 2 |
| Hopley 2010 [36] | Total hip arthroplasty | Deep infection | 4 | RR: 1.71 (0.66, 4.45) | 0/0.00 | 4 | RR: 0.91 (0.25, 3.28) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 1.37 (0.64, 2.94) (0.50, 3.73) |
0/0.00 | 64.1 | N | 0.44 | RR: 1.37 (0.64, 2.94) | 2 |
| Hüpfl 2010 [37] | Chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation | Survival | 3 | RR: 1.22 (1.01, 1.46) | 0/0.00 | 7 | RR: 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 1.04 (0.92, 1.19) (0.83, 1.31) |
13/0.01 | 38.1 | Y | 0.05 | RR: 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) | 3 |
| Jamal 2013 [38] | Non-calcium-based phosphate binders | Mortality | 8 | RR: 0.78 (0.62, 0.98) | 43/0.03 | 3 | RR: 0.89 (0.78, 1.00) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.87 (0.77, 0.97) (0.67, 1.12) |
28/0.01 | 50.9 | N | 0.34 | RR: 0.89 (0.82, 0.96) | 2 |
| Jefferson 2010 [39] | Parenteral influenza vaccine | Influenza-like illness | 4 | RR: 0.59 (0.47, 0.73) | 0/0.00 | 30 | RR: 0.76 (0.66, 0.87) | 57/0.07 |
RR: 0.73 (0.64, 0.82) (0.43, 1.22) |
54/0.06 | 14.4 | N | 0.05 | RR: 0.70 (0.65, 0.75) | 3 |
| Jefferson 2010 [39] | Parenteral influenza vaccine | Influenza | 3 | RR: 0.42 (0.27, 0.66) | 0/0.00 | 10 | RR: 0.51 (0.27, 0.97) | 64/0.52 |
RR: 0.51 (0.32, 0.80) (0.13, 2.02) |
59/0.34 | 31.3 | N | 0.62 | RR: 0.60 (0.47, 0.78) | 2 |
| Jefferson 2012 [40] | Inactivated influenza vaccines | Influenza | 5 | RR: 0.41 (0.29, 0.59) | 36/0.08 | 1 | RR: 0.20 (0.10, 0.39) | NA |
RR: 0.37 (0.26, 0.53) (0.15, 0.92) |
44/0.11 | 84.8 | N | 0.07 | RR: 0.34 (0.27, 0.43) | 2 |
| Jefferson 2012 [40] | Inactivated influenza vaccines | Influenza-like illness | 5 | RR: 0.64 (0.54, 0.76) | 67/0.02 | 2 | RR: 0.29 (0.07, 1.15) | 95/1.43 |
RR: 0.56 (0.46, 0.68) (0.33, 0.94) |
87/0.04 | 65.2 | N | 0.26 | RR: 0.74 (0.71, 0.77) | 2 |
| Jin 2012 [41] | High total flavonoids | Colorectal neoplasms | 1 | RR: 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) | NA | 3 | RR: 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) | 66/0.02 |
RR: 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) (0.56, 1.88) |
56/0.01 | 30.4 | N | 0.55 | RR: 1.02 (0.93, 1.13) | 3 |
| Kansagara 2013 [42] | Transfusion | Mortality | 6 | RR: 0.94 (0.62, 1.43) | 17/0.05 | 11 | RR: 2.49 (1.40, 4.43) | 97/0.94 |
RR: 1.84 (1.10, 3.07) (0.20, 16.54) |
96/1.00 | 25.6 | Y | 0.007 | RR: 3.32 (3.03, 3.65) | 3 |
| Keag 2018 [43] | Caesarean section | Urinary incontinence | 1 | OR: 0.78 (0.56, 1.08) | NA | 8 | OR: 0.56 (0.48, 0.66) | 70/0.04 |
OR: 0.58 (0.50, 0.68) (0.36, 0.94) |
68/0.04 | 10.0 | Y | 0.08 | OR: 0.62 (0.57, 0.67) | 3 |
| Keag 2018 [43] | Caesarean section | Fecal incontinence | 1 | OR: 3.07 (0.90, 10.47) | NA | 5 | OR: 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) | 72/0.10 |
OR: 1.11 (0.78, 1.58) (0.38, 3.26) |
71/0.12 | 6.4 | N | 0.10 | OR: 1.11 (0.94, 1.31) | 3 |
| Kredo 2014 [44] | Antiretroviral therapy by nurses | Mortality | 1 | RR: 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) | NA | 2 | RR: 1.23 (1.14, 1.33) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 1.13 (0.94, 1.36) (0.13, 9.93) |
76/0.02 | 35.3 | N | 0.004 | RR: 1.17 (1.10, 1.26) | 3 |
| Kredo 2014 [44] | Antiretroviral therapy by nurses | Attrition | 1 | RR: 0.73 (0.55, 0.97) | NA | 2 | RR: 0.30 (0.05, 1.94) | 98/1.77 |
RR: 0.43 (0.21, 0.86) (0.00, 2691.24) |
95/0.35 | 34.4 | N | 0.35 | RR: 0.75 (0.71, 0.79) | 3 |
| Kredo 2014 [44] | Nurses for maintenance of antiretroviral therapy | Mortality | 2 | RR: 0.89 (0.59, 1.32) | 0/0.00 | 1 | RR: 0.19 (0.05, 0.78) | NA |
RR: 0.61 (0.28, 1.35) (0.00, 2756.46) |
56/0.28 | 79.8 | N | 0.04 | RR: 0.79 (0.54, 1.16) | 3 |
| Li 2014 [45] | Exenatide | Acute pancreatitis/admission for acute pancreatitis | 5 | RR: 0.86 (0.22, 3.39) | 0/0.00 | 2 | RR: 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) (0.64, 1.32) |
0/0.00 | 4.0 | N | 0.92 | RR: 0.92 (0.69, 1.21) | 2 |
| Li 2016 [46] | DDP-4 inhibitors | Heart failure | 34 | RR: 0.95 (0.60, 1.50) | 0/0.00 | 4 | RR: 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) (1.03, 1.16) |
0/0.00 | 1.6 | Y | 0.53 | RR: 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) | 2 |
| Li 2016 [46] | DDP-4 Inhibitors | Hospital admission for heart failure | 5 | OR: 1.13 (1.00, 1.27) | 0/0.00 | 6 | OR: 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) | 33/0.01 |
OR: 0.94 (0.83, 1.08) (0.66, 1.36) |
55/0.02 | 41.9 | N | 0.002 | OR: 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) | 2 |
| Matthews 2018 [47] | Tamoxifen | Heart failure | 1 | RR: 0.52 (0.33, 0.79) | NA | 2 | RR: 0.85 (0.66, 1.09) | 10/0.00 |
RR: 0.74 (0.53, 1.04) (0.02, 29.27) |
59/0.05 | 29.5 | Y | 0.05 | RR: 0.75 (0.61, 0.92) | 3 |
| Menne 2019 [48] | SGLT-2 inhibitors | Acute kidney injury | 41 | OR: 0.75 (0.66, 0.84) | 0/0.00 | 5 | OR: 0.40 (0.31, 0.52) | 39/0.03 |
OR: 0.58 (0.49, 0.69) (0.41, 0.99) |
27/0.05 | 63.1 | N | <0.0001 | OR: 0.62 (0.56, 0.68) | 2 |
| Mesgarpour 2017 [49] | Erythropoiesis stimulating agents | Venous thromboembolism | 12 |
RR: 1.12 (0.90, 1.40) |
9/0.01 | 5 |
RR: 1.92 (0.64, 5.76) |
75/1.03 |
RR: 1.26 (0.76, 2.10) (0.20, 8.14) |
84/0.70 | 71.6 | N | 0.35 |
RR: 1.71 (1.45, 2.01) |
2 |
| Mesgarpour 2017 [49] | Erythropoiesis stimulating agents | Mortality | 17 |
RR: 0.82 (0.71, 0.93) |
0/0.00 | 7 |
RR: 1.08 (0.66, 1.78) |
91/0.35 |
RR: 0.88 (0.64, 1.21) (0.21, 3.71) |
92/0.46 | 66.5 | Y | 0.28 |
RR: 2.20 (2.15, 2.25) |
2 |
| Moberley 2013 [50] | Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines | Invasive pneumococcal disease | 10 |
OR: 0.26 (0.14, 0.45) |
0/0.00 | 2 |
OR: 0.57 (0.36, 0.89) |
0/0.00 |
OR: 0.40 (0.26, 0.61) (0.18, 0.85) |
12/0.07 | 48.1 | N | 0.03 |
OR: 0.42 (0.29, 0.59) |
2 |
| Molnar 2015 [51] | Neoral (cyclosporine) | Acute rejection of kidney transplant | 2 |
OR: 1.25 (0.61, 2.56) |
9/0.03 | 2 |
OR: 0.46 (0.25, 0.86) |
5/0.02 |
OR: 0.74 (0.36, 1.54) (0.04, 12.62) |
56/0.29 | 49.6 | N | 0.04 | OR: 0.71 (0.46, 1.10) | 2 |
| Navarese 2013 [52] | Early intervention for NSTE-ACS | Mortality | 7 | OR: 0.83 (0.64, 1.09) | 0/0.00 | 4 | OR: 0.80 (0.63, 1.02) | 78/0.04 |
OR: 0.82 (0.69, 0.97) (0.54, 1.24) |
45/0.03 | 25.2 | Y | 0.86 | OR: 0.86 (0.80, 0.94) | 2 |
| Navarese 2013 [52] | Early intervention for NSTE-ACS | Myocardial infarction | 7 | OR: 1.16 (0.67, 2.00) | 81/0.41 | 3 | OR: 0.86 (0.69, 1.08) | 86/0.03 |
OR: 0.97 (0.77, 1.22) (0.48, 1.94) |
81/0.08 | 50.6 | N | 0.32 | OR: 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) | 2 |
| Navarese 2013 [52] | Early intervention for NSTE-ACS | Major bleeding | 7 | OR: 0.76 (0.56, 1.04) | 0/0.00 | 3 | OR: 1.12 (0.69, 1.82) | 92/0.17 |
OR: 0.92 (0.68, 1.24) (0.39, 2.15) |
70/0.11 | 43.7 | N | 0.19 | OR: 1.00 (0.88, 1.13) | 2 |
| Nelson 2010 [53] | Caesarean section | Anal incontinence, feces | 1 | OR: 1.00 (0.49, 2.05) | NA | 12 | OR: 0.91 (0.72, 1.16) | 0/0.00 |
OR: 0.92 (0.74, 1.16) (0.72, 1.19) |
0/0.00 | 10.0 | N | 0.81 | OR: 0.92 (0.74, 1.16) | 3 |
| Nelson 2010 [53] | Caesarean section | Anal incontinence, flatus | 1 | OR: 0.83 (0.51, 1.36) | NA | 4 | OR: 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | 0/0.00 |
OR: 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) (0.78, 1.28) |
0/0.00 | 9.7 | N | 0.44 | OR: 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 3 |
| Nieuwenhuijse 2014 [54] | Ceramic-on-ceramic bearings for total hip arthroplasty | Harris Hip Score | 7 | MD: −0.23 (−1.09, 0.63) | 24/0.31 | 3 | MD: −0.50 (−2.09, 1.09) | 62/1.08 |
MD: −0.29 (−0.96, 0.38) (−1.81, 1.22) |
32/0.31 | 59.3 | N | 0.77 | MD: −0.20 (−0.66, 0.26) | 2 |
| Nieuwenhuijse 2014 [54] | High-flexion total knee arthroplasty | Flexion (degrees) | 20 | MD: 1.68 (0.28, 3.08) | 45/3.83 | 26 | MD: 3.78 (1.64, 5.92) | 78/19.12 |
MD: 2.91 (1.56, 4.27) (-4.42, 10.25) |
73/12.7 | 46.8 | N | 0.11 | MD: 2.49 (1.84, 3.14) | 2 |
| Nieuwenhuijse 2014 [54] | Gender-specific total knee arthroplasty | Flexion-extension range (degrees) | 6 | MD: 1.40 (−0.18, 2.99) | 5/0.23 | 2 | MD: 3.15 (−0.03, 6.34) | 29/1.58 |
MD: 1.80 (0.40, 3.21) (−0.53, 4.14) |
9/0.40 | 74.4 | Y | 0.33 | MD: 1.85 (0.54, 3.16) | 2 |
| Nikooie 2019 [55] | Second-generation antipsychotics | Sedation | 6 | RR: 1.26 (0.92, 1.72) | 0/0.00 | 3 | RR: 1.84 (0.40, 8.54) | 34/0.84 |
RR: 1.29 (0.95, 1.74) (0.91, 1.83) |
0/0.00 | 94.0 | N | 0.63 | RR: 1.29 (0.95, 1.74) | 2 |
| Nikooie 2019 [55] | Second-generation antipsychotics | Neurologic outcomes | 6 | RR: 0.45 (0.20, 1.01) | 0/0.00 | 5 | RR: 0.76 (0.59, 0.99) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.73 (0.57, 0.93) (0.56, 0.95) |
0/0.00 | 9.0 | Y | 0.22 | RR: 0.73 (0.57, 0.93) | 2 |
| Ochen 2019 [56] | Surgery for Achilles tendon rupture | Re-rupture | 10 | RR: 0.40 (0.24, 0.69) | 0/0.00 | 18 | RR: 0.42 (0.28, 0.65) | 30/0.19 |
RR: 0.43 (0.31, 0.60) (0.20, 0.96) |
21/0.12 | 30.4 | N | 0.90 | RR: 0.65 (0.54, 0.79) | 2 |
| Ochen 2019 [56] | Surgery for Achilles tendon rupture | Complications | 9 | RR: 3.13 (1.33, 7.38) | 68/1.04 | 15 | RR: 2.93 (2.28, 3.75) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 2.72 (1.84, 4.02) (0.84, 8.82) |
41/0.28 | 42.2 | N | 0.88 | RR: 2.63 (2.13, 3.27) | 2 |
| Pittas 2010 [57] | High vitamin D | Hypertension | 1 | RR: 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | NA | 3 | RR: 0.57 (0.41, 0.79) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.68 (0.43, 1.07) (0.10, 4.51) |
77/0.14 | 38.2 | N | 0.0006 | RR: 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 3 |
| Raman 2013 [58] | Carotid endarterectomy | Ipsilateral stroke | 3 | RR: 0.72 (0.58, 0.90) | 0/0.00 | 2 | RR: 0.47 (0.05, 4.46) | 83/2.19 |
RR: 0.70 (0.51, 0.97) (0.29, 1.69) |
38/0.05 | 88.1 | N | 0.71 | RR: 0.72 (0.58, 0.89) | 2 |
| Raman 2013 [58] | Carotid endarterectomy | Any stroke | 3 | RR: 0.68 (0.56, 0.82) | 18/0.01 | 3 | RR: 0.73 (0.43, 1.22) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.67 (0.57, 0.79) (0.53, 0.84) |
0/0.00 | 90.3 | N | 0.79 | RR: 0.67 (0.57, 0.79) | 2 |
| Raman 2013 [58] | Carotid artery stenting | Periprocedural stroke | 2 | RR: 1.75 (0.87, 3.52) | 0/0.00 | 5 | RR: 1.91 (1.72, 2.11) | 7/0.00 |
RR: 1.91 (1.74, 2.10) (1.69, 2.16) |
0/0.00 | 1.8 | Y | 0.81 | RR: 1.91 (1.74, 2.10) | 2 |
| Schweizer 2013 [59] | Nasal deconolization | Surgical site infection | 5 | RR: 0.63 (0.36, 1.12) | 49/0.20 | 6 | RR: 0.40 (0.28, 0.57) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.48 (0.33, 0.69) (0.18, 1.26) |
44/0.15 | 47.6 | Y | 0.19 | RR: 0.54 (0.42, 0.69) | 2 |
| Schweizer 2013 [59] | Glycopeptide prophylaxis | Surgical site infection | 8 | RR: 1.13 (0.90, 1.42) | 0/0.00 | 7 | RR: 0.35 (0.12, 1.03) | 80/1.44 |
RR: 0.71 (0.48, 1.05) (0.22, 2.27) |
62/0.25 | 61.5 | N | 0.04 | RR: 1.04 (0.66, 1.24) | 2 |
| Silvain 2012 [60] | Enoxaparin | Mortality | 6 | RR: 0.88 (0.70, 1.10) | 0/0.00 | 7 | RR: 0.50 (0.40, 0.62) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.64 (0.49, 0.82) (0.32, 1.26) |
46/0.08 | 51.1 | Y | 0.0004 | RR: 0.66 (0.56, 0.77) | 2 |
| Silvain 2012 [60] | Enoxaparin | Major bleeding | 9 | RR: 0.88 (0.62, 1.24) | 53/0.12 | 7 | RR: 0.72 (0.56, 0.93) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.81 (0.66, 1.00) (0.49, 1.37) |
30/0.05 | 57.5 | N | 0.37 | RR: 0.84 (0.72, 0.98) | 2 |
| Silvain 2012 [60] | Enoxaparin | Death or myocardial infarction | 13 | RR: 0.86 (0.74, 0.99) | 21/0.01 | 7 | RR: 0.44 (0.35, 0.55) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.67 (0.55, 0.81) (0.37, 1.21) |
58/0.07 | 65.7 | N | <0.00001 | RR: 0.77 (0.71, 0.85) | 2 |
| Suthar 2012 [61] | Antiretroviral therapy | Tuberculosis infection | 2 | HR: 0.50 (0.34, 0.75) | 0/0.00 | 9 | HR: 0.32 (0.25, 0.41) | 27/0.03 |
HR: 0.35 (0.29, 0.44) (0.22, 0.57) |
26/0.03 | 21.1 | N | 0.07 | HR: 0.37 (0.31, 0.44) | 3 |
| Te Morenga 2013 [62] | High sugar intake | Weight gain (kg) | 10 |
MD: 0.74 (0.30, 1.19) |
82/0.34 | 4 |
MD: 0.31 (−0.07, 0.68) |
99/0.14 |
MD: 0.51 (0.26, 0.75) (−0.36, 1.37) |
99/0.14 | 58.0 | N | 0.14 |
MD: 0.59 (0.58, 0.60) |
2 |
| Te Morenga 2013 [62] | High sugar intake | BMI (kg/m2) | 3 |
MD: −0.06 (−0.15, 0.04) |
0/0.00 | 4 |
MD: −0.02 (−0.05, 0.00) |
74/0.00 |
MD: −0.02 (−0.05, −0.00) (−0.05, 0.09) |
58/0.00 | 5.0 | N | 0.42 |
MD: −0.01 (−0.03, −0.00) |
2 |
| Thomas 2010 [63] | Influenza vaccines | Influenza-like illness | 3 |
RR: 0.71 (0.55, 0.90) |
45/0.02 | 1 |
RR: 0.31 (0.26, 0.36) |
NA |
RR: 0.53 (0.31, 0.89) (0.08, 3.48) |
94/0.28 | 75.5 | N | <0.00001 |
RR: 0.48 (0.43, 0.53) |
3 |
| Tickell-Painter 2017 [64] | Mefloquine | Discontinuation due to adverse effects | 3 | RR: 2.86 (1.53, 5.31) | 0/0.00 | 9 | RR: 2.73 (1.84, 4.06) | 31/0.11 |
RR: 2.78 (2.05, 3.77) (1.57, 4.91) |
15/0.04 | 20.8 | N | 0.91 | RR: 2.85 (2.19, 3.71) | 2 |
| Tickell-Painter 2017 [64] | Mefloquine | Serious adverse events or effects | 3 | RR: 0.68 (0.11, 4.27) | 0/0.00 | 2 | RR: 3.09 (0.38, 24.95) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 1.31 (0.33, 5.23) (0.14, 12.39) |
0/0.00 | 56.3 | N | 0.29 | RR: 1.31 (0.33, 5.23) | 3 |
| Tickell-Painter 2017 [64] | Mefloquine | Nausea | 2 | RR: 1.34 (1.04, 1.71) | 0/0.00 | 3 | RR: 1.86 (1.42, 2.42) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 1.56 (1.30, 1.87) (1.16, 2.09) |
0/0.00 | 53.7 | N | 0.08 | RR: 1.56 (1.30, 1.87) | 3 |
| Tricco 2018 [65] | Live-attenuated zoster vaccines | Suspected Herpes Zoster | 5 | RR: 0.60 (0.54, 0.66) | 0/0.00 | 3 | RR: 0.48 (0.27, 0.83) | 99/0.24 |
RR: 0.55 (0.40, 0.77) (0.20, 1.52) |
97/0.14 | 43.4 | N | 0.44 | RR: 0.72 (0.70, 0.74) | 2 |
| Vinceti 2018 [66] | Selenium | Any cancer | 5 | RR: 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 46/0.01 | 7 | RR: 0.72 (0.55, 0.93) | 46/0.06 |
RR: 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) (0.52, 1.42) |
64/0.04 | 54.3 | N | 0.03 | RR: 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 3 |
| Vinceti 2018 [66] | Selenium | Cancer mortality | 2 | RR: 0.81 (0.49, 1.32) | 79/0.10 | 7 | RR: 0.76 (0.59, 0.97) | 66/0.07 |
RR: 0.78 (0.64, 0.95) (0.44, 1.39) |
65/0.05 | 26.8 | Y | 0.83 | RR: 0.88 (0.80, 0.96) | 3 |
| Vinceti 2018 [66] | Selenium | Colorectal cancer | 3 | RR: 0.74 (0.41, 1.33) | 48/0.13 | 6 | RR: 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.83 (0.74, 0.94) (0.73, 0.95) |
0/0.00 | 14.4 | Y | 0.72 | RR: 0.83 (0.74, 0.94) | 3 |
| Wilson 2011 [67] | Training for traditional birth attendants/assistance by traditional birth attendants | Perinatal mortality | 5 | RR: 0.77 (0.66, 0.89) | 62/0.02 | 1 | RR: 0.82 (0.38, 1.78) | NA |
RR: 0.77 (0.67, 0.89) (0.53, 1.13) |
52/0.01 | 97.0 | N | 0.87 | RR: 0.79 (0.73, 0.86) | 3 |
| Wilson 2011 [67] | Training for traditional birth attendants/assistance by traditional birth attendants | Neonatal mortality | 6 | RR: 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) | 37/0.01 | 2 | RR: 0.80 (0.47, 1.37) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 0.80 (0.73, 0.88) (0.67, 0.95) |
14.0/0.00 | 97.0 | N | 0.99 | RR: 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) | 3 |
| Wilson 2019 [68] | Unilateral knee arthroplasty | Venous thromboembolism | 2 | RR: 0.24 (0.04, 1.37) | 0/0.00 | 8 | RR: 0.42 (0.30, 0.57) | 24/0.04 |
RR: 0.43 (0.33, 0.55) (0.29, 0.64) |
8/0.01 | 1.9 | Y | 0.53 | RR: 0.45 (0.37, 0.54) | 2 |
| Wilson 2019 [68] | Unilateral knee arthroplasty | Range of movement (degrees) | 3 | MD: −4.58 (−10.75, 1.59) | 95/27.67 | 11 | MD: −8.43 (−10.15, −6.71) | 86/6.20 |
MD: −7.60 (−9.27, −5.93) (−13.98, −1.22) |
91/7.85 | 22.2 | Y | 0.24 | MD: −8.29 (−8.63, −7.95) | 2 |
| Wilson 2019 [68] | Unilateral knee arthroplasty | Operation duration (minutes) | 3 | MD: −1.72 (−11.89, 8.45) | 90/71.69 | 8 | MD: −23.80 (−40.43, −7.17) | 99/491.19 |
MD: −17.07 (−29.11, −5.04) (−63.37, 29.23) |
98/365.45 | 30.2 | Y | <0.00001 | MD: −11.25 (−12.71, −9.97) | 2 |
| Yank 2011 [69] | Recombinant factor VII | Mortality | 2 | RR: 1.40 (0.49, 4.02) | 0/0.00 | 2 | RR: 0.91 (0.39, 2.12) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 1.08 (0.56, 2.09) (0.25, 4.59) |
0/0.00 | 39.4 | N | 0.53 | RR: 1.08 (0.56, 2.09) | 2 |
| Yank 2011 [69] | Recombinant factor VII | Thromboembolic events | 2 | RR: 2.04 (0.51, 8.20) | 8/0.08 | 2 | RR: 1.81 (0.67, 4.87) | 0/0.00 |
RR: 1.88 (0.85, 4.16) (0.33, 10.76) |
0/0.00 | 35.5 | N | 0.89 | RR: 1.88 (0.85, 4.16) | 2 |
| Zhang 2016 [70] | Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold | Stent thrombosis | 5 | OR: 1.97 (0.90, 4.29) | 0/0.00 | 3 | OR: 2.22 (1.00, 4.93) | 0/0.00 |
OR: 2.09 (1.20, 3.64) (1.04, 4.18) |
0/0.00 | 51.1 | Y | 0.83 | OR: 2.09 (1.20, 3.64) | 2 |
| Zhang 2016 [70] | Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold | Mortality | 5 | OR: 0.71 (0.17, 3.01) | 45/1.16 | 4 | OR: 0.63 (0.24, 1.63) | 0/0.00 |
OR: 0.73 (0.34, 1.57) (0.18, 2.97) |
15/0.20 | 51.7 | N | 0.89 | OR: 0.82 (0.42, 1.60) | 2 |
| Zhang 2016 [70] | Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold | Cardiac death | 3 | OR: 1.39 (0.17, 11.14) | 44/1.48 | 4 | OR: 0.94 (0.43, 2.06) | 0/0.00 |
OR: 1.05 (0.53, 2.12) (0.42, 2.63) |
0/0.00 | 21.4 | N | 0.73 | OR: 1.05 (0.53, 2.12) | 2 |
| Zhang 2017 [71] | Percutaneous coronary intervention | Mortality | 5 | HR: 1.00 (0.79, 1.26) | 22/0.02 | 17 | HR: 1.07 (0.92, 1.26) | 37/0.03 |
HR: 1.05 (0.93, 1.20) (0.73, 1.52) |
32/0.03 | 25.6 | N | 0.59 | HR: 1.08 (0.98, 1.19) | 2 |
| Zhang 2017 [71] | Percutaneous coronary intervention | Cardiovascular mortality | 4 | HR: 0.99 (0.71, 1.39) | 21/0.02 | 5 | HR: 1.08 (0.51, 2.28) | 78/0.49 |
HR: 1.05 (0.69, 1.59) (0.29, 3.81) |
72/0.25 | 51.2 | N | 0.85 | HR: 1.33 (1.09, 1.62) | 2 |
| Zhang 2017 [71] | Percutaneous coronary intervention | Myocardial infarction | 5 | HR: 1.39 (0.86, 2.26) | 57/0.16 | 5 | HR: 2.00 (1.65, 2.44) | 0/0.00 |
HR: 1.69 (1.22, 2.33) (0.71, 4.03) |
57/0.12 | 53.7 | Y | 0.17 | HR: 1.66 (1.42, 1.94) | 2 |
| Ziff 2015 [72] | Digoxin | Mortality | 7 | RR: 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 0/0.00 | 8 | RR: 1.60 (1.31, 1.96) | 63/0.05 |
RR: 1.38 (1.15, 1.66) (0.77, 2.49) |
75/0.06 | 30.2 | Y | <0.00001 | RR: 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) | 3 |
| Ziff 2015 [72] | Digoxin | Cardiovascular mortality | 5 | RR: 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 0/0.00 | 3 | RR: 2.53 (1.12, 5.70) | 96/0.48 |
RR: 1.71 (1.04, 2.80) (0.26, 11.38) |
96/0.29 | 41.9 | Y | 0.03 | RR: 1.15 (1.08, 1.22) | 3 |
| Ziff 2015 [72] | Digoxin | Hospital admission | 2 | RR: 0.96 (0.87, 1.05) | 65/0.00 | 4 | RR: 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 64/0.00 |
RR: 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) (0.80, 1.09) |
61/0.00 | 37.8 | Y | 0.49 | RR: 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) | 2 |
*PI/ECO similarity degree: 1=more or less identical; 2=similar but not identical; 3=broadly similar
BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, BMI Body mass index, BoE Bodies of evidence, CE Common effects, CI Confidence interval, CRC Colorectal cancer, CS Cohort studies, DDP 4 Dipeptidylpeptidase-4, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, HR Hazard ratio, MD Mean difference, N No, NA Not applicable, NSTE-ACS Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes, OR Odds ratio, PI/ECO Population–intervention/exposure–comparator–outcome, RCT Randomized controlled trial, RE Random effects, RR Risk ratio, SGLT-2 Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2, Y Yes