. 2022 Oct 24;22:1958. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14268-5

Table 7.

TOT analysis of treatment on parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices by subgroups

	Parental locus of control	Mother education	Caregiver type	Delivery model
	Internal locus of control	External locus of control	High	low	Non-mother	mother	center-based	home-based
Panel A. Parenting Knowledge
KIDI total score	-0.040 (0.107)	0.064 (0.172)	0.047 (0.123)	0.064 (0.126)	-0.326 (0.201)	0.071 (0.117)	-0.077 (0.194)	-0.491*** (0.242)
Panel B. Parenting Attitude
PLOC overall	-0.014 (0.151)	0.211 (0.185)	0.168 (0.215)	-0.104 (0.127)	0.275 (0.249)	0.014 (0.133)	0.024 (0.212)	-0.280 (0.508)
PLOC parental efficacy	0.229* (0.136)	0.167 (0.143)	0.243 (0.210)	0.075 (0.118)	0.292 (0.237)	0.178 (0.129)	0.164 (0.196)	-0.299 (0.470)
PLOC parental responsibility	0.074 (0.168)	0.046 (0.187)	0.045 (0.206)	-0.023 (0.150)	-0.284 (0.208)	0.052 (0.138)	0.219 (0.183)	-0.050 (0.382)
PLOC child control of parent’s life	0.074 (0.111)	0.044 (0.180)	0.076 (0.147)	-0.005 (0.124)	0.789** (0.235)	-0.106 (0.099)	-0.062 (0.252)	-0.249 (0.325)
PLOC parental control of child’s behavior	-0.373* (0.214)	0.197 (0.191)	-0.013 (0.210)	-0.224 (0.168)	-0.024 (0.225)	-0.093 (0.164)	-0.294 (0.214)	-0.038 (0.503)
Panel C. Parenting Practice
*Parent-child interactions*
Reading books	0.203** (0.070)	0.103 (0.113)	0.146 (0.096)	0.205** (0.082)	0.390*** (0.112)	0.100 (0.064)	0.226** (0.105)	0.556*** (0.201)
Telling stories	0.291*** (0.069)	0.034 (0.103)	0.229** (0.077)	0.190** (0.081)	0.087 (0.091)	0.192*** (0.071)	0.141* (0.085)	0.288* (0.172)
Singing songs	0.165** (0.069)	-0.048 (0.095)	-0.008 (0.087)	0.153** (0.066)	0.061 (0.116)	0.057 (0.066)	0.115 (0.096)	-0.231 (0.248)
Taking child outside home for play	0.039 (0.057)	-0.230*** (0.087)	0.013 (0.093)	-0.084 (0.053)	-0.196 (0.130)	-0.038 (0.057)	-0.159*** (0.057)	-0.374 (0.311)
Playing with the child with toys	0.078 (0.074)	0.046 (0.070)	0.073 (0.073)	0.080 (0.082)	0.222 (0.139)	0.035 (0.050)	-0.060 (0.098)	-0.301 (0.209)
Naming things, counting, drawing	0.293*** (0.059)	0.096 (0.089)	0.171** (0.077)	0.228*** (0.070)	0.303*** (0.110)	0.163*** (0.059)	0.147 (0.098)	0.172 (0.208)
*Disciplining practices*
Taking away children’s things	-0.05 (0.113)	-0.146 (0.138)	-0.138 (0.132)	-0.063 (0.114)	-0.356* (0.183)	-0.039 (0.101)	-0.187 (0.163)	-0.153 (0.274)
Limiting time	-0.114 (0.141)	-0.214 (0.160)	-0.187 (0.213)	-0.145 (0.117)	-0.241 (0.264)	-0.110 (0.117)	-0.143 (0.165)	-0.679 (0.419)
Explanation	-0.031 (0.100)	-0.159 (0.151)	-0.238 (0.162)	0.038 (0.128)	-0.238 (0.186)	0.014 (0.090)	-0.080 (0.113)	0.309 (0.236)

Parental locus of control

Mother education

Caregiver type

Delivery model

Internal locus of control

External locus of control

High

low

Non-mother

mother

center-based

home-based

Panel A. Parenting Knowledge

KIDI total score

-0.040

(0.107)

0.064

(0.172)

0.047

(0.123)

0.064

(0.126)

-0.326

(0.201)

0.071

(0.117)

-0.077

(0.194)

-0.491***

(0.242)

Panel B. Parenting Attitude

PLOC overall

-0.014

(0.151)

0.211

(0.185)

0.168

(0.215)

-0.104

(0.127)

0.275

(0.249)

0.014

(0.133)

0.024

(0.212)

-0.280

(0.508)

PLOC parental efficacy

0.229*

(0.136)

0.167

(0.143)

0.243

(0.210)

0.075

(0.118)

0.292

(0.237)

0.178

(0.129)

0.164

(0.196)

-0.299

(0.470)

PLOC parental responsibility

0.074

(0.168)

0.046

(0.187)

0.045

(0.206)

-0.023

(0.150)

-0.284

(0.208)

0.052

(0.138)

0.219

(0.183)

-0.050

(0.382)

PLOC child control of parent’s life

0.074

(0.111)

0.044

(0.180)

0.076

(0.147)

-0.005

(0.124)

0.789**

(0.235)

-0.106

(0.099)

-0.062

(0.252)

-0.249

(0.325)

PLOC parental control of child’s behavior

-0.373*

(0.214)

0.197

(0.191)

-0.013

(0.210)

-0.224

(0.168)

-0.024

(0.225)

-0.093

(0.164)

-0.294

(0.214)

-0.038

(0.503)

Panel C. Parenting Practice

Parent-child interactions

Reading books

0.203**

(0.070)

0.103

(0.113)

0.146

(0.096)

0.205**

(0.082)

0.390***

(0.112)

0.100

(0.064)

0.226**

(0.105)

0.556***

(0.201)

Telling stories

0.291***

(0.069)

0.034

(0.103)

0.229**

(0.077)

0.190**

(0.081)

0.087

(0.091)

0.192***

(0.071)

0.141*

(0.085)

0.288*

(0.172)

Singing songs

0.165**

(0.069)

-0.048

(0.095)

-0.008

(0.087)

0.153**

(0.066)

0.061

(0.116)

0.057

(0.066)

0.115

(0.096)

-0.231

(0.248)

Taking child outside home for play

0.039

(0.057)

-0.230***

(0.087)

0.013

(0.093)

-0.084

(0.053)

-0.196

(0.130)

-0.038

(0.057)

-0.159***

(0.057)

-0.374

(0.311)

Playing with the child with toys

0.078

(0.074)

0.046

(0.070)

0.073

(0.073)

0.080

(0.082)

0.222

(0.139)

0.035

(0.050)

-0.060

(0.098)

-0.301

(0.209)

Naming things, counting, drawing

0.293***

(0.059)

0.096

(0.089)

0.171**

(0.077)

0.228***

(0.070)

0.303***

(0.110)

0.163***

(0.059)

0.147

(0.098)

0.172

(0.208)

Disciplining practices

Taking away children’s things

-0.05

(0.113)

-0.146

(0.138)

-0.138

(0.132)

-0.063

(0.114)

-0.356*

(0.183)

-0.039

(0.101)

-0.187

(0.163)

-0.153

(0.274)

Limiting time

-0.114

(0.141)

-0.214

(0.160)

-0.187

(0.213)

-0.145

(0.117)

-0.241

(0.264)

-0.110

(0.117)

-0.143

(0.165)

-0.679

(0.419)

Explanation

-0.031

(0.100)

-0.159

(0.151)

-0.238

(0.162)

0.038

(0.128)

-0.238

(0.186)

0.014

(0.090)

-0.080

(0.113)

0.309

(0.236)

Notes: In all regressions, we controlled for baseline parental knowledge, attitude and practices, child characteristics, and family characteristics. The scores for parental knowledge and attitudes were internally standardized. All standard errors were clustered at the village level. We also adjusted the multiple hypotheses testing problem using the step-down procedure of Romano and Wolf (2005) to control for the family wise error rate (FWER). The significance levels are as follows: *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, and ***p < 0.01