Table 1.
A brief summary of in vitro toxicity assessments of different DNs.
| DN type | Specifications | Cell model | Exposure time | Outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deoxyribonucleic acid-nanothread (DNA-NT) | Diameter: 50–150 nm; Length: 300–600 nm; CPT-DNA-NT Attachment of cisplatin | HeLa | 48 h | CPT-DNA-NT reduced cell viability; Signs of apoptosis; DNA-NT No effect on cell viability | [190] |
| DNA nanobarrels (NB) | Six DNA duplexes forming a six-helical bundle (9 × 5 × 5 nm) NB-3C, NB-1C, and NB-0C containing 3, 1, or 0 cholesterol anchors | Red blood cells (RBC); white blood cells (WBC); granulocytes; peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) | 6 h | No effect on viability | [188] Fig. 3C |
| DNA nanoscaffolds, DNA tetrahedron (Td) rectangle DNA origami | Incorporation of 5-fluoro-2′ - deoxyuridine; (FdUn) oligomers; Attachment of cholesterol | HTB-38; HCC2998 | 24 or 48 h | Reduced proliferation of the HTB-38 cells; Signs of apoptosis higher in HTB-38 cells | [191] |
| DNA duplexes | Attachment of cholesterol; Attachment of alkyl-phosphorothioate (PPT) belt | HeLa; MyrPalm-EGFP HeLa | 5 min | No data on viability | [192] |
| Nanotoroids | 3 types of nanotoroids of different size ρ = 6, ρ = 2, and ρ = 1.5 1 | SMMC-7721; HeLa | 6 h | Slight decrease of cellular viability with higher concentration of nanotoroids | [193] |
| DNA nanopores | NP- EP pore- 6-helix bundle with hydrophobic belt containing ethyl phosphorothioate (EP) groups; 3 negative controls of nanobarels without EP-belt formation | HeLa | 1 and 24 h | Decreased viability of cells after incubation with NP-EP | [194] |
| DNA nanopore | Six DNA duplexes modified with phosphorothioate (PPT) group | MCF-7 | 48 h | No significant effect on cellular viability; Decrease viability after incubation DNA nanopores with doxorubicin | [195] |
| Rectangular DNA origami nanosheets | Binding of RNase A to DNs; With/without decoration with protein MUC1 | MCF-7 | 48 h | Colocalization with lysosomes after 1 h; No effect of bare DNs on cell viability; Increased cell death post incubation with MUC1-modified RNase A loaded DNA origami | [189] Fig. 3D |
| DNA origami nanobox (DON) | Cuboid structure; 36 × 36 × 42 nm; Attachment of AS1411 aptamers and incorporation of doxorubicin (DOX) | HeLa; MCF-7 | 2 h | Decrease viability after incubation DON with doxorubicin; Signs of apoptosis | [196] |
1
The aspect ratio of the nanotoroid is derived as ρ = R/r, where R - the radius of the nanotoroid and r - the radius of the nanotoroid cavity. A larger ρ value defines a smaller cavity [193].